Learning Objectives: Understand what is Personality Understand how Personality contributes to differences in individual behaviour Appreciate various factors

ors influencing Personality Understand Indian context shaping individual personality Explore important concepts related to Personality

Numerous theories and approaches

In general,
a wide range of individual attributes that distinguish people from one another the enduring and consistent characteristics leading to predictable patterns of behaviour in

similar ways across situations and settings

According to Hogan, Personality has two different meanings:

The way an individual is perceived by others - the

observers perspective, public and verifiable

The structures, dynamics, processes, and

propensities that explain why a person behaves in a characteristic way; private, must be inferred

Organisational Behaviour: Western Perspective, Indian Experience / M. Parikh & R. Gupta / Prepared by P. Gupta

Freud: Psychoanalytic approach He used 4 stages of life with 3 components. Id: Represents the untamed , primal forces and desires Superego: Represents the authority within that tell us Do this/Dont do this Ego emerges as an attempt to balance these often conflicting elements so that the demands of both Id and Super Ego is satisfied.

Skinner emphasized the role of learning in the development of personality traits, attitudes, values and skills. He believed that personality developed in the process of learning from the consequences of behaviour called operant learning. Reward encourages repetition of rewarded behaviour , punishment weakens the punished behaviour.
5

Organisational Behaviour: Western Perspective, Indian Experience / M. Parikh & R. Gupta / Prepared by P. Gupta

Erikson modified Freuds stages of personality development throughout the life to include the impact of social and historical forces. Erikson explained the ego identity emerged out of ones interaction with socio- cultural context at each stage throughout the individuals life.
6

Organisational Behaviour: Western Perspective, Indian Experience / M. Parikh & R. Gupta / Prepared by P. Gupta

Social Influences including Family background

Biological Factors

Personality as viewed by self and others: (A) Traits and Affectivity (B) Core self evaluations

Personsituation interaction

Genetic Influences

Others, Task, Organisation

Of interest for persons wanting to be more effective, consultants, recruiters, reformers, counselors, therapists and researchers Measurement has revealed some interesting findings
Leader failure could be understood better from the leaders

personality, than personality measurement predicting leader effectiveness Lack of creativity-relevant processes included personality as one of the reasons, personality also explained successful differentiation strategy through innovation Negative behaviour at work, including violence and aggression Crucial links between personality type and differing response to workplace conflict

Consistent behaviour across situations

Individual Trait Cluster of traits, i.e. a Facet

Cluster of Facets, i.e. a Factor

Group of factors, i.e. a Dimension

Follows the Traits approach to stable and heritable aspects of personality

Consistent behaviour across situations reveals

Individual Trait A Cluster of traits is known as a Facet Cluster of Facets is called a Factor

The reviews support the validity of this approach Generalized for cultures and allows self, peer, observer, and stranger ratings to measure personality Uses Analyses of trait adjectives, factor analysis of personality inventories, expert judges categorizations of existing personality measures

Neuroticism opposite of Emotional Stabilty Extraversion- opposite of Introversion

Openness to Experience
Agreeableness compassion to Antagonism Conscientiousness

Tendency to feel consistently positively/negatively towards objects. Positive Affectivity (PA) and Negative Affectivity (NA) considered basic dimensions of personality High PA: high energy, optimism, enthusiasm, pleasurable engagement, like interpersonal relationships, overall wellbeing, job satisfaction, achievement-oriented activities

High NA: distress, unpleasurable engagement, nervousness, agitation, and pessimism, higher levels of anxiety, dissatisfaction, focus on the unpleasant aspects of themselves, the world, the future, and other people

Basic conclusions or bottom-line evaluations that individuals hold about themselves and their worthiness and capability Self Esteem

Self-esteem is a persons overall evaluation or appraisal of

himself/herself as an individual

Self Efficacy
Self-efficacy represents an individuals belief in his or her

capabilities to successfully accomplish a specific task or set of tasks

Locus of Control
Perception of Locus of Control (LOC) is a personality variable

reflecting the degree to which individuals believe that they control events in their lives, rather than the environment, luck or fate

Indian personality is characterized by

dependency, 'seldom directed to task performance based on

assessment and understanding of the reality of the environment', general apathy towards work, low accountability and commitment. hierarchical, mechanistic structures embodying authority, rigidly defined roles and risk-avoidance

Adult Socialisation
During this phase, the individual develops capability of becoming a

contributing, productive member of the society On the personal front, capable of intimate relationship, faith and trust in self and others, integrity of character

Adolescent Socialisation
Cross-over between childhood, adulthood and Identity crisis, strong

identity is developed if appropriate values are developed

Values, Value System and Work Values

Values held by individuals referent group (s)

Attitudes Individual choice making, decision making Fit between the individual and the organisation Leadership processes such as visioning, transformation Strength of organisational culture or sub culture

Individual Values

Emotion is a subjective feeling state, consisting

of: Thought (evaluating situation/stimuli), Action (arousal and movement), Motivation (behaviour intentions or readiness)

Emotional Intelligence: major components Self awareness: knowing one's emotions

Self-control and resilience managing emotions Self-recognizing motivation and creativity

Empathy: emotion in others

Helping others manage their emotions: handling

relationships through social and organisational skills, handling diversity, resolving conflicts, transformational leadership