Latest Display Technologies

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SOME LATEST TECHNOLOGIES

CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) PLASMA DISPLAY PANEL (PDP) ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED) ELECTRONIC PAPER DISPLAY (EPD) SURFACE CONDUCTOR ELECTRON EMITTER DISPLAY (SED) DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING (DLP)
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CATHODE RAY TUBE

100 YEAR OLD WORKHORSE CATHODOLUMINISCENT BEAM SCAN DEVICE LARGE VIEWING ANGLE HIGH BRIGHTNESS HIGH RESOLUTION GOOD COLOUR GAMUT BEST PERFORMANCE TO COST BULKY HEAVY UNIMPLEMENTABLE IN LARGE SIZES OBSOLESCENCE STILL ENJOYS 70% MARKET
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LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

Most mature flat panel technology Major share of FPD market Poor intrinsic viewing angle Requires backlight Inefficient Slow Effected by Temperature and sunlight

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LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYs

Transmissive and reflective LCDs: LCDs act as light valves, not light emitters, and thus rely on an external light source. Laptop screen: backlit, transmissive display Palm Pilot/Game boy: reflective display

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LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYs

Organic Molecules, naturally in crystal state, that liquefy when excited by heat or E field Crystalline state twists polarized light 90 deg.

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PLASMA DIPLAY TECHNOLOGY

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PLASMA DISPLAY PANEL

Large Displays >32 High Resolution High Brightness Good Contrast Good Colour gamut Large viewing angle High Speed Presently High Cost

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PLASMA DISPLAY: WORKING

Address electrode causes gas to change to plasma state.

The plasma emits UV in discharge region which impinges on the phosphor

Reaction causes each subpixel to produce red, green, and blue light.

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Structure Of PLASMA DISPLAY PANEL

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LCD vs. PLASMA

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SOME EMERGING DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY

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ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Similarities to conventional LED:

Has anode and cathode
Electrons flow out through anode and in through cathode

Operates like diode; must be forward-biased Photons are emitted when electrons fill holes in the emissive layer

Differences from conventional LED:

Emissive and conductive layers are organic compounds or polymers Substrate can be plastic

Color displays can be made of triads of RGB Cathode OLEDs Layer Emissive
Conductive Layer Anode Substrate
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Electron Flow

ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Most promising technology Already in small sizes No inherent size limit Conformal displays Large viewing angle High resolution High Speed Good colour gamut Lifetime issues to be solved Great threat to LCD 2008?

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TECHNOLOGY ATTRIBUTES
Attribute LCD PDP OLED Size < 15 >30 No limit Brightness nits < 100 <500 >10000 Resolution Medium High High Inherent VA Small Large Large Efficiency lm/w 6 1 50 Colour gamut Good Good Good Manuf. cost Medium Medium Low Cost pid 1 1 <1 Market presence Established Established Entering

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Electronic Paper Display (EPD)

E-ink consists of capsules containing negatively charged white plastic suspended in blue or black oil E-ink is sandwiched between two electrode layers When field orients one way, the white particles rise to the top. When field orients the other way, the oil color is visible Color displays can be made by adding color filters on top of transparent electrodes and organizing pixelsTransparent Electrodes in CMY triads
E-Ink Lower Electrodes
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Advantages
Can be printed onto flexible plastic [4] Extremely large viewing angle (light is reflected, not generated) Extremely low power requirements
Power is only consumed while image is switching

Disadvantages
Currently, manufacturing is more expensive than LCDs Slower response time than LCDs [5]

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Surface-Conduction Electron-Emitter Display (SED)

SEDs work on the same principle as CRTs

One side of a glass is covered in phosphor that lights up when hit by electrons Electrons are fired at the phosphor to create the picture

However, where CRTs use one electron gun for the whole screen, SEDs use an electron emitter for each pixel A SED is an array of Surface-Conduction Electron-Emitters (SCEs), each of which has a separate emitter for RGB
Glass Colored Phosphor Electrons Electron Emitters Glass

Surface-Conduction Electron-Emitter (SCE)

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SED

Advantages
Thin when compared to CRTs; approximately the same width as LCDs Higher contrast ratio and better viewing angle than LCDs Faster response time than LCDs Comparable power consumption to LCDs

Disadvantages
Phosphor screens are subject to burn-in Due to ongoing patent litigation, not currently massproduced
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Digital Light Processing (DLP)

The heart of a DLP system is a DLP chip

Contains many microscopic mirrors (one for each pixel) Each mirror can be in one of two positions (on or off)

A light source is shined on the DLP chip

When a mirror is on, light is reflected onto the screen, lighting that pixel To create color images, light is filtered through a color wheel. When the light source is red, red mirrors turn on. Likewise for green and blue

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Advantages
Thin when compared to CRTs, though not as thin as LCDs Higher contrast ratio than LCDs[8] Low production costs Extremely long lifetime No possibility of burn-in

Disadvantages
Only one color is displayed at a time; if colors are not rotated fast enough, this becomes noticeable and is called the rainbow effect The manner in which light is reflected toward the screen results in poor viewing angles when compare to other technologies[8]

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COMPARISON FOR EMERGING DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY

Advantages OLED E-Ink SED
Can be printed on flexible substrates Low power Large viewing angle Very low power (switching only) Can be printed on flexible substrates

Disadvantages
Short lifetime Currently expensive Very susceptible to water damage Currently expensive Slow response time

CRT picture quality LCD width CRT picture quality LCD width Easy to produce large screens Low production cost Extremely long lifetime High contrast ratio

Subject to burn-in Patent issues slowing production

Plasma
DLP

Subject to burn-in Currently expensive

Rainbow effect Extremely small viewing angle

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 [1] D. A. Pardo, G. E. Jabbour, N. Peyghambarian, Application of Screen Printing in the Fabrication of Organic Light-Emitting Devices, Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, No. 17, 1249 [2] Samsung SDI, OLED - Passive Matrix (PM), http://www.samsungsdi.com/contents/en/product/oled/type 01.html , retrieved on July 28 2007 [3] http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled1.htm [4] Comiskey, B.; Albert, J. D.; Yoshizawa, H.; Jacobson, J. "An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays" Nature 1998, 394, (6690), 253-255. [5] http://www.eink.com/products/matrix/High_Res.html [6] http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/sed-tv2.htm [7] http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/plasmadisplay1.htm [8] http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/dlp1.htm [9] http://www.dlp.com/
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THANK YOU

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