Converting Parole-Simple-Clips into RDF using the LEMON model

Riccardo Del Gratta, Francesca Frontini, Fahad Khan, Monica Monachini

Linked Data
Aim of the linked data movement to facilitate the sharing of distributed data Uses Resource Description Framework (RDF) Data structured in the form of subjectpredicate-object triples Data items referred to by their Unique Resource Identifiers (URIs)

Linked Data
Language Resources and Technology community increasing active within the linked data movement Linked data enables the standardisation, linking and reusability of Lexical Resources We look at the conversion of a subset of a large scale, multilayered Italian language lexicon

Lemon
A descriptive model that supports the linking up of a computational lexical resource with the semantic information in an ontology Defines a set of core modules for describing the basic aspects of the entries in a lexicon using RDF Maps a lexical entry l to a concept c in an ontology via a mediating lexical sense object s

Lemon lexical senses

Can be seen as:
The reification of the pairing (l, c) of a lexical entry l with the concept c in an ontology O A subset of the uses of the term l where it has the meaning c, where c in the ontology O A hypothetical concept capturing the full lexical meaning of an entry, when interpreted as c

Ensures that the meaning of a lexical item is contextual to the lexicon-ontology mapping (i.e., dependent on the meaning distinctions made in the ontology) Semantics by Reference

Semantics by Reference
*T+he meaning of a word cannot be specified universally, i.e., independently of any application or domain, but that the meaning of a lexical entry is specified with respect to the vocabulary defined by the given ontologoy.

Parole-Simple-Clips
Parole-Simple-Clips (PSC) is a multi layered Italian lexicon The outcome of three different lexical resource projects Encodes lexical information at the phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels

Parole-Simple-Clips
PSC Semantic Layer
Consists of a language independent ontology of 153 Semantic types, and around 60k semantic units, or Usems, representing the meaning of items in the other layers

Semantics of PSC based on Generative Lexicon theory

Parole-Simple-Clips
Simple-OWL (Toral & Monachini 09)
Extraction of all the semantic types from the PSC semantic layer, and all the relations between them, along with other relevant semantic information contained within PSC, in order to create an OWL ontology

Conversion from PSC into Lemon and the link to Simple-OWL

Challenge of how to model the link between semantic and other layers in PSC using Lemon Not always possible to identify PSC Usems with Lemon lexical sense objects
Some relations that hold between USems should hold in Lemon only between Lemon lexical sense objects Other relations that hold between USems shouldnt hold at all between Lemon lexical senses

Example
The lexical entry gladiolo_N represents the italian noun, gladiolo, (gladiolus in English) points to two different USems, 1616 and 1617
1617 represents the gladiolo as a flower, 1616 represents the gladiolo as a plant

Between 1616 and 1617 there is the conceptual relation that 1616 produces 1617, and the sense relation, that there is a systematic polysemy relation between them

Our solution
Use the PSC USems twice:
Convert the PSC USems into corresponding objects in the Simple OWL ontology and transfer the relations between them also into Simple OWL Create Lemon Lexical Sense objects also corresponding to each USem and link it to the corresponding USem in the Simple OWL ontology using the reference relation (we dont transfer the relations between the PSC USems to the Lexical Sense objects). Link the lexical entry to this lexical sense.

Our Solution

Conclusions and Further Work

We have converted 31232 USems corresponding to 18610 lexical entries There still remains the problem that we have what are supposed to be relations between lexical senses in Lemon that hold between objects in our Ontology Want to convert the whole of PSC into Lemon