Centre for Fuel Studies and Research

Working Towards Zero Landfill

By Kirit N. Naik Presentation at international summit on Waste to Energy, New Delhi 9th & 10th July 2012
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July 2012

Sustainable Development- A Catchword

meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

There are a number of Hurdles-Let us Handle them One at a Time

Problem Statement
Act now or the scenario will be much worse Later

Current 2025 Urban per MSW Total Urban per MSW Population Capita (MT/Day) Population Pupulation Capita (MT/Day) 321,623,271 0.34 109,589 1,447,499,000 538,055,000 0.7 376,639

Solutions Better Late than Never !!!!

while we rely on fossil fuels for the present we need to find out ways and means to make best

use and reuse of resources consumed

waste to energy adoption on a countrywide scale can make significant difference.

Waste Management Best Practices- The Rs of getting Value out of Waste

Reduce

The most uncontrollable phase in Solid waste management is 'Waste generation'.

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Important Rs
Reduce

change in behavioural pattern and lifestyle

Using the least possible material and energy input Reuse Avoid once through products, Donate What is usable but you want to replace Recycle Plastics, Paper, Metals, Glass Recover

Energy in form of Biogas, RDF, Syngas, Drop-in Fuels

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Waste Management Methods and Processes

Segregation at source- The best option for

Recycling
Treatment by different Processes for Energy and Material

recovery
organized unorganized sector system of pastiwalas organize it at a city scale where the householder, the pastiwalas

and the city get together and share the spoils

Kothari Waspap, has introduced 35 vans under the name

Wealth Out of Waste (WOW) in Ahmedabad.

Composting- convert organic waste into useful manure by

aerobic conversion
Energy Recovery by gasification, biogas production, drop in fuels

production and plastic-to-oil production

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Matter of Habit- Hum Nahi Sudhrenge

Here go drops of Oil

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Waste Recycling-Some Examples

ITC- the volume of its paperboard recycling

business has now exceeded the volume of its waste production, making the company a net waste consumer. Coca-Cola Co. and its Mexican bottlers- PET recycling facility has a capacity to reprocess 64 million pounds per year, the equivalent of 1 billion bottles. Plan to double it. GM- 100 landfill-free facility. In 2011 recycled or reused 2.6 million metric tons at its facilities worldwide.
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Waste to Energy- Some Indian Examples (Though Sporadic)

Srinivasa Gayithri Resources Recovery LtdIndias first integrated waste-to-energy power plant of 8 Mw in Bangalore A group of NRIs at Kochi- 160,000 tonnes of waste per annum to generate net 8 MW of electricity Solena-ABSi India- (SAIP) plasma gasification bioenergy technology will produce up to 40MW of renewable power in Delhi Project at Hyderabad- (i) production of fuel pellets from MSW; and, (ii) generation of 6.6 MW of power from pellets
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Waste to Energy- Some Indian Examples (Though Sporadic)- Continued

Howrah Municipal Corporation- generate 7.5 MW power from about 500 metric tonnes of garbage every day, taken from Howrah dumping ground Pune civic standing committee- to set up 11 bio-gas plants at various sites and 3 mechanical composting plants M/s Shriram Energy Systems Ltd.- set-up a 6 MW power generation project at Vijayawada based on combustion of processed Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Project at Lucknow- 300 tonnes per day of Municipal Solid Waste of Lucknow city to obtain about 115 tonnes per day of dry volatile solids for production of about 50,000 cubic meter biogas per day and about 75 tonnes per day of organic fertilizer. biogas is to be used to generate 5MW of grid quality power
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Why Biogas

the easiest method of reducing the anthropological green house gas emissions while also making financial sense. India's estimated anthropogenic methane emissions ranked 2nd in the world. greenhouse gas emission reductions in two ways: direct methane emission reduction biogas to displace fossil fuels

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Biogas is not just a rural solution even more biogas energy potential from food waste than manure. Hence the possibilities of biogas production in urban areas too! supermarkets, eating joints, hotels and restaurants worthwhile considering organised collection of waste and production of biogas in cities too. Technology puts these facilities in a shipping container a confined environment and not spoil the aesthetics of urban environment.

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Urban Biogas some success stories

Engineering Seva Trust- a residential hostel turns human waste to biogas for use as cooking fuel. The campus has sold 30,000 kilograms of fertiliser per annum. Residents of a colony- in Secunderabad are turning their kitchen waste into biogas using a 'modular digester'. Around 40 to 50 kgs of kitchen refuse (vegetable/green leafy/fruit peels and eggshells) can generate enough biogas to take care of the cooking needs of a family of three to four.

Imagine the astounding effect on energy security if all student hostels, hospitals, hotels and residential complexes follow these examples!
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Waste to Energy TechnologiesSome Examples

Agilyx Corporation - all types of difficult to recycle waste plastic to synthetic crude oil. InEnTec- plasma gasification to break down organic materials into syngas Qteros- solids from wastewater treatment to ethanol biofuel Enerkem- industrial-scale biofuels project to use 110,000 tons of sorted municipal solid waste into about 9.5 million gallons of fuel-grade ethanol. Harvey Buhr- 1,000 pounds of tires generate 51 gallons of diesel fuel
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Waste to Energy Technologies (Continued)

Solena-ABSi India- plasma gasification bioenergy technology (SAIP technology) to convert biomass

from municipal, agricultural and other organic wastes into renewable bio-synthetic gas, without incineration or combustion. British Airways in collaboration with Solena- 500,000 tonnes of landfill waste including household and industrial rubbish into 16 million gallons of carbon-neutral aviation fuel every year.
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Non-Recyclable Plastics

One of the waste products-Plastic Waste which if remains unattended turns out to be an environmental scourge and pictures like these bear evidence to this fact:

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Non-Recyclable Plastics

After food waste and paper waste, plastic waste is the major

constitute of municipal and industrial waste in cities.

According to a 2003 Central Pollution Control Board study, of the over 10,000 metric tons of plastic waste, including industrial and imported plastic waste, generated daily in our country, only 40 per cent is recycled. The rest just lies waste, poisoning the environment.

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Non-Recyclable Plastics to Energy/Petroleum Technologies

Palletizing polyolefins waste with other municipal solid waste which can be burned in place of coal in existing boilers and furnaces and in steel and cement industries along with coal. Pyrolysis of plastic waste to obtain pyrolysis oil which can be fractionated to get diesel, petrol and fuel oil equivalents and combustible gaseous products. Catalysed depolymerisation of plastic wastes to obtain oil which can be fractionated to get diesel, petrol and fuel oil equivalents and combustible gaseous products. Mixing plastic waste with bitumen for road construction
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Non-Recyclable Plastics

As per an estimate given below the demand for

polymers in India is likely to be > 8 million MTA in 2011.

Table-1: Polymer Demand Supply ('000 MTA) Polymers (Kt) 2007 A 2008 A 2009 A 2010 E Capacity 5498 5633 6753 8193 Production 5127 5249 5584 7061 Op Rate (%) 93% 93% 83% 86% Imports 1093 888 1748 1323 Exports 694 483 593 953 Net Trade -399 -405 -1155 -371 Demand 5526 5673 6739 7432 Demand Growth % 15% 2.7% 19% 10% Source: Industry Estimates, A: Actual, E: Estimate 2011 E 8333 7926 95% 1397 1043 -354 8280 11%

Polyolefins PVC

PS

ABS

SAN

5903

2118

250

143

95

8509

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Non-Recyclable Plastics to Petroleum Technologies- Indian Experience

Harita NTI limited- Proof-of-concept unit processing 7 tons of plastic waste to give 5.5 tons of clean, non-sulfur fuel oil per day. ACC Kymore - use the plastic waste in cement plant. Unique Plastic Waste Management (P) Ltddemonstrative plant for conversion of waste plastics into liquid fuel oil. Professor Alka Zadgaonkar in collaboration with IOC- demonstration plant running a 5 MT plant and the fuel is used for running captive power generators BVG India Ltd- pure diesel and petrol from all types of plastic wastes
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Better Late than Never !!!!-

Estimate of Potential for India

waste to energy efforts of some Foreign

cities which may act as a searchlight for India:

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City/ County

population (million)

Berlin

3.4

Vienna

1.67

Munich

1.4

Greater 0.9 Copenhagen Lee County, 0.6 FL

Methods and Processes Recycled (%) Composted (%) Combusted (%) 50 10 40 0.39 MWh of electricity plus 1.08 MWh of heat 23 11 63 0.16 MWh of electricity plus 1.73 MWh of heat 44 6 49 0.41 MWh of electricity plus 2.57 MWh of district heating 62 4 25 0.49 MWh of electricity plus 2.25 MWh of heat 46 3 51 0.56 MWh of electricity

Power and Heat Generation per tonne

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Better Late than Never !!!!

Even if we take the lowest of the energy generation from among the above mentioned cities, the energy generation from municipal solid waste could be: Name of City Waste MWhr/Day MW Quantity (TPD)
Ahmedabad 1302 560 23 Chennai 3036 1305 54 Kolkata 2653 1141 48 Delhi 5922 2546 106 Greater 5320 2288 95 Mumbai India 110000 47300 1971 Add to this the Advantage of Recycled Material. If you Dont Recycle so much it will add to power production

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Potential of Plastic to Oil

So here goes the goldmine to the landfill!!!!

Waste plastic generated in India Quantity of crude that can be replaced by the output of the Zadgaonkars Process (Assumption: Only the Waste Plastic generated in India is processed.) Average rate of crude oil $/Barrel 10000 MT/day

10,950,000.00 Kilo-litre /annum

i.e.

54,750,000.00 Barrels/annum 80

Saving on Foreign Currency

4.38

Billion USD

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Can we repeat their successes? Overall Potential

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Can we repeat their successes?

If a country like Denmark with a total population equal to less than half that of a metro like Mumbai and area almost equal to a small state like Kerala could build 29 Wasteto-Energy plants and plans to build many more, the potential in India should be tremendous.
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Better Late than Never !!!!

"I only feel angry when I see waste. When I see people throwing away things that we could use.
- Mother Teresa

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Moral of the Story

Any change is painful even if it is known in advance that it will ultimately benefit individuals and the society at large.

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