AIRCRAFT

DEFINITION

A MAN MADE FLYING MACHINE.

are there types?

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIR CRAFT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Land plane

seaplane

Amphibian

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Gyroplane (rotor not power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

Float plane

Flying boat

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIR CRAFT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Land plane

seaplane

Amphibian

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

Float plane

Flying boat

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Land plane

seaplane

Amphibian

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

Float plane

Flying boat

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Land plane

seaplane

Amphibian

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

Float plane

Flying boat

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Land plane

seaplane

Amphibian

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

Float plane

Flying boat

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Helicopter (rotor power driven) Float plane Flying boat

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Land plane

seaplane

Amphibian

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

Float plane

Flying boat

ORNITHOPTER

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE Float plane Land plane seaplane Flying boat Amphibian

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Gyroplane (rotor not power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

CYCLOGYRO

GYROPLANE

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Land plane

seaplane

Amphibian

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Gyroplane (rotor not power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

Float plane

Flying boat

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
AIR CRAFT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR

Airships

Free balloons

Captive balloons POWER DRIVEN NON-POWER-DRIVEN MAN-POWER-DRIVEN

Gliders

Sailplanes

Kites

AEROPLANE

ROTORCRAFT

ORNITHOPTER

Land plane

seaplane

Amphibian

Helicopter (rotor power driven)

Gyroplane (rotor not power driven)

Cyclogyro (paddle-wheel type rotor)

Float plane

Flying boat

LIGHTER THAN AIR

EUREKA ! !
-----------------------------------------__________________________ _ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Upward thrust eqal --------------------- To weight of displaced ------------------------------------------ water ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Weight of body --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Principle of Archimedes
Upward thrust equal to weight of displaced air

Weight of Balloon + Weight of Gas

Archimedes principle applied to a balloon

ITS SO HUGE ! WHAT MAKES IT RISE TO THE SKY?

LIFT
Direction of force Acting on cardboard

Leading Edge

Direction of travel Trailing Edge

Principles of heavier-than-air flight

LIFT

Lift

Drag Direction of travel

Meaning of lift and drag

ANGLE OF ATTACK

Centre of Pressure Lift Direction of travel Direction of air flow

PITCH ANGLE ? Angle of attack and centre of pressure

USES OF AEROFOILS
Wings Propellers and Turbofans Helicopter Rotors Compressors and Turbines Hydrofoils (wing-like devices which can lift up a boat above waterline) Wind Turbines

AIRFLOW OVER AN AEROFOIL

Dirn of airflow Incr V

Upwash

Downwash

Decr V

VENTURY

WHAT IS LIFT?
Lift is the aerodynamic force acting at right angles to the direction of motion of the object. It is produced by interaction of the moving object and the fluid.

WHAT IS LIFT?
This interaction typically leads to a pressure differential being set up between upper surface and lower surface of the object. The net effect of high pressure below and low pressure above will produce a force which sustains the object against descent due to gravity.

Flying aircraft

FACTORS AFFECTING LIFT

EFFECTS OF SIZE ON LIFT

EFFECTS OF SHAPE ON LIFT

EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON LIFT

J
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Greater the velocity of fluid on the aerofoil the lower the pressure. Hence greater the presssure differential.
Thus higher the value of lift.

What Happens to an Airfoil when it Stalls ?

Flow over the top surface separates from the airfoil, resulting in a high pressure wake region

LIFT COEFFICIENT

DRAG.

LIFT

Lift

Drag Direction of travel

Meaning of lift and drag

DRAG IS THAT PART OF THE FORCE WHICH IS PARRALEL TO THE DIRN OF AIRFLOW.

DRAG
TYPES OF DRAG
ACTIVE/ WING DRAG
INDUCED DRAG FORM DRAG SKIN FRICTION DRAG

PARASITE DRAG
FORM DRAG SKIN FRICTION DRAG

SHOCK DRAG
WAVE DRAG SHOCK TURBULENCE DRAG