Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Financial Crisis and Islamic Finance - 2
Financial Crisis and Islamic Finance - 2
Financial Crisis and Islamic Finance - 2
Outline
Introduction Explanation of the instrument in conventional finance which are blamed for the financial crisis. Inquiry into the crisis and its timeline Explanation of the comparable financial tools in Islamic Finance. Conclusion
Introduction
Everyday panic over a financial crisis seeks for some investigation. The thesis has worked on theoretical basis, to present, i.e. to understand the conventional finance and its alternative in Islamic finance Theoretical approach is justified by the lack of data in Islamic finance.
Mortgages properties
It is a contract involving two parties financier and borrower. Attention to clients creditworthiness. Good creditworthiness prime Poor creditworthiness
subprime.
Subprime mortgages
They are the result of loosening the mortgage standards. Initially aimed at exploiting the market demand for housing credits. Further geneaology gave birth to NINJA loans.
NINJA loans
Stands for No Income No Job or Asset. It essentially means that EVERYONE could be given loan. Market demand exploited to its maximum High risk involved backup needed
Speculation
CDSs open door to speculation It is an influence on prices in the market with suspicious actions, thus driving the prices up and down drastically
Soaring profits in securitization market invited everyone to take part in it. Banks loaned more and more, to have an excuse to securitize. Running out of primes, the banks turned to the risky, poor clients.
Huge risks were taken, so other parties were involved to insure the risk. People started realizing what is happening; a cycle of defaults occured, and it all started to crumble. There was no money to sustain the derivatives created, and many market participants filed for bankruptcy.
1992: Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 required Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to devote a percentage of their lending to support affordable housing increasing their pooling and selling of such loans as securities; Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) created to oversee them.
1993: The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston published "Closing the Gap: A Guide to Equal Opportunity Lending" which recommended a series of measures to better serve low-income and minority households, including loosening income thresholds for receiving a mortgage, influencing government policy and housing activist demands on banks thereafter.
lowers Federal funds rate 11 times, from 6.5% (May 2000) to 1.75% (December 2001), creating an easy-credit environment that fueled the growth of US subprime mortgages. combined purchases of incorrectly rated AAA subprime mortgage-backed securities rise from $38 billion to $90 billion per year.
Lenders began to offer loans to higher-risk borrowers, including illegal immigrants. Speculation in residential real estate rose.
2004-2007: Many financial institutions issued large amounts of debt and invested in mortgage-backed securities (MBS), believing that house prices would continue to rise and that households would keep up on mortgage payments.
Fall 2005: Booming housing market halts abruptly
Throughout 2007 and 2008 home sales continue to fall. Stock market experiences downturns September 2008
and Freddie Mac. This causes panic because almost every home mortgage lender and Wall Street bank relied on them to facilitate the mortgage market and investors worldwide. September 17: The US Federal Reserve lends $85 billion to American International Group (AIG) to avoid bankruptcy.
Bay' (Sale)
Parthership
Fee-Based Services
Insurance (Takaful)
Mudarabah
Trust (Waqf)
Musharakah
Representation (Wikala)
Islamic prohibitions
Islam prohibits the following notions know to conventional economists:
Interest (Riba) Gambling (Qimar) Ambiguity, uncertainty (Gharar)
Riba al-Nasiah (excess in money-tomoney exhange) Riba al-Fadl (deals with hand-to-hand goods exchange)
Musharakah (partnership)
Comes from Arabih Shirakah which means sharing and participating together in certain activity, project, etc. Branches into
Shirakatu l-milk Shirakatu l-aqd
Shirakatu l-emval Shirakatu l-amal Shirakatu l-wujuh.
Two parties combine their capital to share the generated profit. Proportions for profit sharing are predetermined before entering the contract. Losses are borne proportionally to the portion in partnership.
Diminishing Musharakah
Designed to meet the housing financing demand. The bank (the owner of the major part) rents its portion to the client. Clients installments include rent and amount to buy portion of owners equity. Rent is adjusted according to the deminishing equity.
Features of Mudarabah
Control Profit and loss sharing Profit distribution Multiple tiers Credit risks and defaults It cannot be traded in the financial market.
Ordinarily today, the model is combined with mudarabah, whereby the client is hired by the bank to accept the delivery once the item is purchased, namely, creating no need for banks inventory. It is not marketable.
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