PRESENTED BY

K.SAI ADARSHBABU(10BEC0086) R.SANTHOSH KUMAR(10BEC0390) N.AJAY(10BEC0478)

Multiple access method

Multiple Accesses is the simultaneous use of a communication system by one or more user. Each users signal must be kept uniquely distinguishable from users signals to allow private communications on demand.

Users can be separated many ways: I. Physically: on separated wires II. By arbitrarily defined channels

established in frequency, time, or any other variable imaginable.

MULTIPLE ACCESS METHOD

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA)

FDMA is a multiple access method in which users are assigned specific frequency bands. The user has sole right of using the frequency band for the entire call duration.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In TDMA an assigned frequency band shared among a few users. However, each user is allowed to transmit in predetermined time slots. Hence, channelization of user is achieved through separation in time.

Code Division Multiple Access

Each user has specified frequency for all time Each user has been given a unique code pattern From these codes connections are identified. This unique code is buried within a shared signal, mingled with other users code patterns. If a users code pattern is known, the presence or absence of their signal can be detected, thus conveying information. Numbers of users are very large

Spread spectrum

Two techniques of spread spectrum

Direct sequence: The digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency. The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the same code, and correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data. Frequency hopping: The signal is rapidly switched between different frequencies within the hopping bandwidth pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows before hand where to find the signal at any given time.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DSSS

Jammer/Noise/Interference j(t) s(t) = b(t)cos(wot) x(t) = s(t)c(t) Channel b(t) Source Data BPSK Modulator s(t) x(t) y(t) u(t) BPSK Matched Filter rn Output Data (to detector) y(t) = j(t) + x(t) u(t) = s(t) + j(t)c(t) rn = bn + jammer projection

c(t) Pseudorandom Sequence Generator

c(t) Pseudorandom Sequence Generator

Slow Frequency Hopping

Fast Frequency Hopping

CDMA code types

Orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes).

Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences.

ORTHOGONAL CODE GENERATION

PN SEQUENCE GENERATION

The pn sequence is 100011110101100

CDMA with 3 users

Assume three users share same medium Users are synchronized & use different 4-bit orthogonal codes: {-1,-1,-1,-1}, {-1, +1,-1,+1}, {-1,-1,+1,+1}
-1 -1 +1 x Receiver +1 -1 +1 x +1 +1 -1 x +

User 1

User 2

User 3

Shared Medium

Sum signal is input to receiver

Consider the sequence is {-1,-1,-1,-1}-Ch1, {-1, +1,-1,+1}Ch2,{-1,-1,+1,+1}-Ch3
Channel 1: 110 -> +1+1-1 -> (-1,-1,-1,-1),(-1,-1,-1,-1),(+1,+1,+1,+1) Channel 2: 010 -> -1+1-1 -> (+1,-1,+1,-1),(-1,+1,-1,+1),(+1,-1,+1,-1) Channel 3: 001 -> -1-1+1 -> (+1,+1,-1,-1),(+1,+1,-1,-1),(-1,-1,+1,+1) Sum Signal: (+1,-1,-1,-3),(-1,+1,-3,-1),(+1,-1,+3,+1)

Channel 1

Channel 2

Channel 3

Sum Signal

Example: Receiver for Station 2

Each receiver takes sum signal and integrates by code sequence of desired transmitter Integrate over T seconds to smooth out noise
Decoding signal from station 2

Integrate over T sec

Shared Medium

Decoding at Receiver 2

Sum Signal: Channel 2 Sequence: Correlator Output: Integrated Output: Binary Output:

(+1,-1,-1,-3),(-1,+1,-3,-1),(+1,-1,+3,+1) (-1,+1,-1,+1),(-1,+1,-1,+1),(-1,+1,-1,+1) (-1,-1,+1,-3),(+1,+1,+3,-1),(-1,-1,-3,+1) -4, +4, -4 0, 1, 0

ADVANTAGES OF CDMA

Universal frequency reuse Increased cellular communications security. system capacity is higher than TDMA and FDMA operate at very low power levels.

DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA

Multiuser interference Near far problem