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Friction
Friction
Lecture #15
Wednesday, Mar. 28, 2007
m x + m x + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + mn xn ∑mx i i ∑m y i i ∑m z i i
xCM = 11 2 2 =i
yCM = i
zCM = i
m1 + m2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + mn ∑m i
i ∑m i
i ∑m i
i
vector of the ∑m
∑
i
mi r i i
center of mass of r CM = i
a many particle M
∑ ∆mi xi
system isA rigid body – an object xCM ≈ i
∆mi M
with shape and size with
ri mass spread throughout ∑∆m x i i
1
rCM the body, ordinary objects – xCM = lim i
= ∫ xdm
∆m →0 i M M
can be considered as a
group of particles with 1
mass mi densely spread
Monday April 2, 2007
r CM =
M ∫ rdm
4
throughout the given shape
Example 7-11
Thee people of roughly equivalent mass M on a
lightweight (air-filled) banana boat sit along the x
axis at positions x1=1.0m, x2=5.0m, and x3=6.0m.
Find the position of CM.
Using the
formula for
CM
∑m x i i
xCM = i
∑m i
i
m2 m3
x=1 x=2 One =
( m2 + 2m3 ) i + 2m1 j
r CM = xCM i + yCM j
obtains m1 + m2 + m3
∑m x m x + m x + m x
i i
m2 + 2m3
xCM = m = m + m + m
i 1 1 2 2 3 3
=
If m1 = 2kg ; m2 = m3 = 1kg
∑ i
i 1 2 3 m1 + m2 + m3
∑m y i i
m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 2m1 3i + 4 j
yCM = mi
= = r CM = = 0.75i + j
∑ i
i
m1 + m2 + m3 m1 + m2 + m3 4
Monday April 2, 2007 6
Motion of a Diver and the
Center of Mass
Diver performs a simple
dive.
The motion of the
center of mass follows
a parabola since it is a
projectile motion.
Diver performs a
complicated dive.
The motion of the center
of mass still follows the
same parabola since it
The
still ismotion of the
a projectile motion.
Monday April 2, 2007
center of mass of the 7
diver is always the
Center of Mass and Center of
Gravity CM
The center of mass of any symmetric
object lies on an axis of symmetry and
on any plane of symmetry, if object’s Axis of
mass is evenly One can use
distributed gravity to locate CM.
throughout symmet
How do you think
the 2. Hang the object by one pointryand
you body.
can determine
draw a vertical line following a plum-
the CM of objects
bob.
that are not
symmetric? 3. Hang the object by another point and
Sincedoathe same.
rigid object can be considered
Center of 4. collection
The point where themasses,
two linesone
meet is
as of small
Gravity can the
see CM.
the total gravitational force
∆mi
exerted on the ∆
object as
Fg =∑ F =
i
i ∑
m g =M g
i
i
of the r r
r
system
Acceleratio
a CM
v CM 1
mi vi 1 vi
i t =
m m a i i
n of the t t M M M
system
ur
External force ∆ p tot What about
exerted on the
∑F ext = M a CM = ∑ mi a i
t the internal
system ur forces?
F ext = 0 ptot
System’s
If net external ∑ t
p tot = const momentum is
force is 0
Monday April 2, 2007 conserved. 9
Fundamentals on Rotation
Linear motions can be described as the
motion of the center of mass with all the mass
of the object concentrated on it.
Is this still No, because different parts of the
true for object have different linear
rotational velocities and accelerations.
Consider a motion of a rigid body –
motions?
an object that does not change its
shape – rotating about the axis
perpendicular
The arc length,toisthe lplane
R of
rotation. l
θ, is
Therefore the angle, .
R
And the unit of the angle is in
One radian is the angle radian (dimensionless).
swept by an arc length equal to
the radius
Since of the arc.
the circumference of a 360 = 2πr / r = 2π
circle is 2πr,
The relationship between radian 1 rad = 360 / 2π = 180 / π
andApril
Monday degrees
2, 2007 is ≅ 180o 3.14 ≅ 57.3o 10
Example 8-1
A particular bird’s eyes can just distinguish objects that
subtend an angle no smaller than about 3x10-4 rad. (a)
How many degrees is this? (b) How small an object can
the bird just distinguish when flying at a height of 100m?
(a) One radian is 360o/2π.
4
3 10 rad
Thus 3
10 4
rad
360 o
2 rad 0.017 o
2
11.0
= rev. = 1.75rev.
2π
Monday April 2, 2007 14
Example for Rotational
Kinematics cnt’d
What is the angular speed
at t=2.00s?
Using the angular speed and
acceleration relationship
ω f = ω i + αt = 2.00 + 3.50 × 2.00 = 9.00rad / s