Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Signal Encoding and Modulation Techniques
Signal Encoding and Modulation Techniques
=
0 , 0
1 ), 2 cos(
) (
binary
binary t f A
t s
c
t
30/45
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
The most common form of FSK is Binary FSK (BFSK)
Two binary values represented by two different
frequencies ( f
1
and f
2
)
less susceptible to noise than ASK
used for
up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
high frequency radio (3 to 30MHz)
even higher frequency on LANs using coaxial cable
=
0 ), 2 cos(
1 ), 2 cos(
) (
2
1
binary t f A
binary t f A
t s
t
t
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
f
2
f
2
f
1
f
1
f
2
f
1
f
2
f
2
f
2
f
1
f
2
31/45
Full-Duplex BFSK Transmission on
a Voice-Grade line
Voice grade lines will pass voice frequencies in the range 300
to 3400Hz
Full duplex means that signals are transmitted in both directions
at the same time
f
1
f
3
f
4
f
2
32/45
Multiple FSK (MFSK)
More than two frequencies (M frequencies) are used
More bandwidth efficient compared to BFSK
More susceptible to noise compared to BFSK
MFSK signal:
element signal per bits of number L
elements signal dif f erent of number M
f requency dif f erence the f
f requency carrier the f
f M i f f
where
M i t f A t s
L
d
c
d c i
i i
=
= =
=
=
+ =
s s =
2
) 1 2 (
1 ), 2 cos( ) ( t
33/45
Multiple FSK (MFSK)
MFSK signal:
Period of signal element
Minimum frequency separation
MFSK signal bandwidth:
element signal per bits of number L
elements signal dif f erent of number M
f M i f f
where
M i t f A t s
L
d c i
i i
=
= =
+ =
s s =
2
) 1 2 (
1 ), 2 cos( ) ( t
d d d
Mf f M W 2 ) 2 ( = =
period bit T period element signal T LT T
b s b s
: : , =
) ( 2 / 1 2 ) /( 1 2 / 1 rate bit Lf T f LT f T
d b d b d s
= = =
34/45
Example
With f
c
=250KHz, f
d
=25KHz, and M=8 (L=3 bits), we have the
following frequency assignment for each of the 8 possible 3-bit
data combinations:
This scheme can support a data rate of:
KHz Mf W bandwidth
KHz f
KHz f
KHz f
KHz f
KHz f
KHz f
KHz f
KHz f
d s
400 2
425 111
375 110
325 101
275 100
225 011
175 010
125 001
75 000
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
= = =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Kbps Hz bits Lf T
d b
150 ) 25 )( 3 ( 2 2 / 1 = = =
d c i
f M i f f ) 1 2 ( + =
35/45
Example
The following figure shows an example of MFSK with M=4. An
input bit stream of 20 bits is encoded 2bits at a time, with each
of the possible 2-bit combinations transmitted as a different
frequency.
d c
d c
d c
d c
d c i
f f f i
f f f i
f f f i
f f f i
f M i f f
3 4 11
3 10
2 01
3 1 00
) 1 2 (
4
3
2
1
+ = =
+ = =
= =
= =
+ =
36/45
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data
Binary PSK (BPSK): two phases represent two
binary digits
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0
0 0 0
1 ) ( ), 2 cos( ) (
0 ), 2 cos(
1 ), 2 cos(
0 ), 2 cos(
1 ), 2 cos(
) (
= =
+
=
t d t f t Ad
binary t f A
binary t f A
binary t f A
binary t f A
t s
c
c
c
c
c
t
t
t
t t
t
37/45
Differential PSK (DPSK)
In DPSK, the phase shift is with reference to the previous bit
transmitted rather than to some constant reference signal
Binary 0:signal burst with the same phase as the previous one
Binary 1:signal burst of opposite phase to the preceding one
38/45
Four-level PSK: Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
+
+
+
=
10 )
4
2 cos(
00 )
4
3
2 cos(
01 )
4
3
2 cos(
11 )
4
2 cos(
) (
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t f A
t f A
t f A
t f A
t s
c
c
c
c
More efficient use of bandwidth if each signal element
represents more than one bit
eg. shifts of t/2 (90
o
)
each signal element represents two bits
split input data stream in two & modulate onto the phase of the carrier
can use 8 phase angles & more than one amplitude
9600bps modem uses 12 phase angles, four of which have two
amplitudes: this gives a total of 16 different signal elements
39/45
QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
Modulators
) 2 sin( ) (
2
1
) 2 cos( ) (
2
1
) ( :
) 2 sin( ) (
2
1
) 2 cos( ) (
2
1
) ( :
t f T t Q t f t I t s OQPSK
t f t Q t f t I t s QPSK
c b c
c c
t t
t t
=
=
40/45
Example of QPSK and OQPSK Waveforms
4
1 1 0 1
4
3
1 1 0 0
4
3
1 1 1 0
4
1 1 1 1
:
t
t
t
t
QPSK f or
41/45
Performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK and
MPSK
Bandwidth Efficiency
ASK/PSK:
MPSK:
MFSK:
1 0 ,
1
1
< <
+
= = r
r B
R
bandwidth on transmissi
rate data
T
elements signal different of number M
r
M
B
R
T
: ,
1
log
2
+
=
M r
M
B
R
T
) 1 (
log
2
+
=
Bit Error Rate (BER)
bit error rate of PSK and QPSK are about 3dB superior to
ASK and FSK (see Fig. 5.4)
for MFSK & MPSK have tradeoff between bandwidth
efficiency and error performance
42/45
Performance of MFSK and MPSK
MFSK: increasing M decreases BER and decreases bandwidth Efficiency
MPSK: Increasing M increases BER and increases bandwidth efficiency
43/45
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
QAM used on asymmetric digital subscriber line
(ADSL) and some wireless standards
combination of ASK and PSK
logical extension of QPSK
send two different signals simultaneously on
same carrier frequency
use two copies of carrier, one shifted by 90
each carrier is ASK modulated
44/45
QAM modulator
ASK
c
ASK
c
t f t d t f t d t s QAM ) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( :
2 1
t t + =
45/45
QAM Variants
Two level ASK (two different amplitude levels)
each of two streams in one of two states
four state system
essentially QPSK
Four level ASK (four different amplitude levels)
combined stream in one of 16 states
Have 64 and 256 state systems
Improved data rate for given bandwidth
but increased potential error rate