CONTINUITY OF AN ORGANISMS LIFE

By: Dewa Ayu Nadia Taradhita (IX C/15)

CONCEPT MAP
Continuity of an Organisms Life

Adaptation
Morphological adaptation Physiological adaptation Behavioral adaptation

Natural Selection

Reproduction

ADAPTATION
Adaptation

is a characteristic development of an organism which makes it more suited to live and reproduce in an environment. There are three adaptation processes which are performed by organisms to survive in order to preserve their species: 1. Morphological adaptation 2. Physiological adaptation 3. Behavioral adaptation

MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
Morphological adaptation is an adaptation of the shape of body parts or body organs of organisms to their environment. Example: a. Bird beak The shape of a birds beak is adjusted according to the kinds of food they eat.

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Bird feet A birds feet are also adjusted based on where the bird lives and its habit.

c.

Insects mouth The morphological adaptation of an insects mouth is based in how it gets its food.

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Morphological adaption of aquatic organisms Animals and plants that live in water have body shapes and organs that have adjusted to water environment. For example: Aquatic animals are equipped with organs designed to move in the water, such as fin on fish and webbed feet on frogs and ducks. Aquatic animals are usually streamlined in shape to make them more easily move in the water. Aquatic plants that live on the waters surface have holes between cells filled with air to float. Aquatic plants also can get water through their surface body. They also do not need too much stomata.

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2) 3) 4)

5) 6)

Morphological adaptation of terrestrial organisms Xerophytic plants (like cacti) store water in their thick, wax-layered stem. They have very small leaf-shaped spines. The roots are very long and spread out to absorb water from a wide area. A dessert toad has horned legs to dig a hole. A dessert rabbit has big ears to make its body cool. A woodpecker has a solid skull structure and a long tongue to protect its brain from shock when pecking a hard wood. Striped hair color on tiger as a form of camouflage to the bushes. Hygrophyte plants (any plant that grows in wet or waterlogged soil) have thin and broad leaves to extend the evaporation surface. They also have a lot of stomata to accelerate evaporation.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

1.
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Physiological adaptation is an adaptation of organ functions towards an environment. Example: Physiological adaptation in animals Teredo navalis, which is a worm that can live in wood and wood poles shipbuilding port. In the worms tract, there is a cellulase enzyme that can digest wood. Herbivores have cellulase enzyme so they can digest cellulose. In termites digestion system, theres flagellata (produces cellulase) which helps cellulose digestion to digest wood. Camels have water bag in its hump to store water to be resistant to not drink in the desert for a long time. Seals have a thick layer of fat to survive in cold weather. When cats shelter, its metabolism levels will be lowered so that the levels of water loss in the body is reduced.

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h.

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Based on the type of food, animals can be divided into carnivore (meat eater). herbivore (plant eater), and omnivore (meat and plant eaters). Adjustment of these animals to the type of food, among others are the size and the intestinal digestive enzymes are different. To digest plant cells generally have tough cell walls, the average intestinal bowel herbivore longer than carnivore. Fish that live in salt water drink more and secrete less urine with more dense urine so the osmotic pressure in the environment is same with the osmotic pressure in its body. Fish that live in freshwater drink less and secrete more urine so it will not become bloated due to the entry of water into the cells by osmosis because the fishs body has the higher osmotic pressure than freshwater.

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b.

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Physiological adaptation in human Total hemoglobin in red blood cells of people living in the mountains is more than the people who live in coastal / lowland because the oxygen levels decrease in the higher place. Athletes heart size in average is bigger than normal peoples heart size. When the air is cold, people will excrete more urine.

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Physiological adaptation in plants Plants pollinated by insects have a specific scent with an eye-catching corolla Certain plants produce special substances that can inhibit the growth of other plants or protect themselves against herbivore. Example, Japanese azalea bush produces toxic chemicals so deer cant eat the leaves.

BEHAVIORAL ADAPTION

Behavioral adaptation is an adaptation of behavior to an environment.

Example: Behavioral Adaptation in animals Mimicry, the change of chameleons skin color to be same with the environment. Mammals living in the water, such as dolphins and whales occasionally come out to surface to breathe because they breathe with their lungs. A newborn termite licks an adult termites anus so flagellata can get into the digestion path of the young termite. Autotomy, the reflex action by which a lizards tail is broken off at a special joint when the part is damaged, then regenerates to deceive the predator.

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Hibernation, when certain animals sleep in winter to save energy. (e.g. polar bears) Estivation, active animals feed at night and not do activities on a hot day. Some animals migrate, leaving snowy areas to get food and return in spring time. (e.g. birds)

f.

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Pangolin will furl its body when touched, to cover the thin-skinned belly.
Buffalo wallow in mud to protect their skin from heat.

i.

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Behavioral adaptation in plants When the environment is in dry situation, ginger plants will turn off most of its body which grows on the surface of the ground. In the dry season. tropophyte plants, such as teak, kapok, shed leaves.

NATURAL SELECTION

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Natural selection is the gradual, non-random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution. The continuity of life is influenced by food, predators, parasites, and epidemic diseases. Food comes from environment, which is limited, but however, the organisms always reproduce so the population increase and it will cause competition among those who living in the same area (interspecific competition). Such competition can have the following results: Strong members of the population will win and keep living in that area. Weaker members of the population will die or leave.

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If a certain population goes to another area which is different from their original area, then there will be two possible outcomes, they are: Members of the population will not adapt to the new environment and die. Members of the population will adapt to the new environment and will stay alive. The theory of natural selection was developed by Charles Darwin in 1859. Natural selection can cause the extinction or the formation of a species. Examples of natural selection: In the Galapagos Islands there are also examples of natural selection to another. Cactus that live on the island uninhabited turtles grow low to the soft spikes. The cactus that live in the island is inhabited by turtles grow like trees with thick trunks and tall and protected by a hard and stiff spines.

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Peppered Moths betularia white before the industrial revolution there are more than betularia black peppered moth. But after the industrial revolution, the amount of the peppered moth betularia less white than black betularia peppered moth. This occurs due to the inability of white betularia peppered moth to adapt to the new environment. At the time before the revolution in England, the air in the UK is free from industrial fumes, so the peppered moth population decreased because black betularia can not beradaptsi its surroundings. but after the industrial revolution, the UK's air being darkened by the smoke and industrial dust, so the peppered moth population decreased white betularia because it can not adapt to the environment, resulting in easily caught by predators.

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According to Darwin, finches in the Galapagos Islands which are originally derived from a species of bird in the South American mainland, which migrated to the Galapagos Islands. Variations occur due to geographical and environmental conditions, especially food resulting offspring finches (sparrow) morphologic change / shape and function. Changes that occur for example in the form of half-life. Finch beak thick and strong initially appropriate to eat grains changed into half to eat insects (thick, straight beak, and short-tongued) and eating honey (straight beak rather long).

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Environment have an influence on the characteristics and traits are inherited through the process of environmental adaptation. Formed features that will be inherited to the offspring. Organs are often used to grow and grow bigger, while the organs that are not used will undergo shortening or shrinkage, even disappear. Examples that can be used by Lamarck was the giraffe. According to Lamarck, the giraffe had a short neck first. Because food in the form of high leaves, the giraffe trying to reach them. Because this is so accustomed to the longer, the giraffe's neck becomes longer and the next generation will be even longer.

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Examples of extinct organisms by natural selection is a dinosaur. Several theories attempt to explain the extinction of the dinosaurs. One of them mentioned that the dinosaurs became extinct because of millions of years ago a meteor crashed into the earth. The collision caused a huge explosion which resulted in the release of large amounts of dust into atmosphere. Dust blocking sunlight that green plants can not perform photosynthesis. As a result, many plants die. Dinosaurs which are herbivore did not get food and die. Meat-eating dinosaurs that do not get the prey eventually extinct.

REPRODUCTION

1. 2.

Reproduction (or procreation) is the biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. Biologists divide the way of reproduction into the classifications, as follows: Generative reproduction, also called sexual reproduction. Vegetative reproduction, also called asexual reproduction.

GENERATIVE (ASEXUAL) REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction is the process by which an organism creates a genetically similar or identical copy of itself without a contribution of genetic material from another individual.

GENERATIVE REPRODUCTION IN SEED PLANTS

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Generative reproductive organ Female sexual organ (pistils) The pistil consists of the ovary at the base, the slender stalks of the style above the ovary, and stigma at the end of the style. The ovary contains of one or more ovules. Male sexual organs (stamens) The stamens consists of the filament and anther. In the anther, there is a pollen sac containing pollen grains. Each pollen grain contains a sperm cell.

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Complete and incomplete flower Complete flower is a flower that has organs such as sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Example: rose, jasmine, hibiscus. Flower that does not have one or several parts is called incomplete flowers. Example: grass flower. Perfect and imperfect flower