The Lecture for

Turbo C
David Van Schumacher
BUPT-QM 07B05
Friday, December 28, 2007
Section A

STRINGS FUNCTIONS
 Fundamental functions

• Input • Output
– scanf – printf
– getchar – putchar
– gets – puts
 Grammar
• scanf(“input format”,&variety name);
• gets(variety name);
• variety name = getchar();
 What’s string in turbo C
• It’s NOT a string anymore.
• It is seemed as a series of
characters, which is a character
array.
• The number of the character array is
just the same as the number of
letters of the word or sentence plus
one.
• The one more element is “\0” which
is printed as “\n” by gets and printed
as “”(NULL) by other words.
 Library Functions
<string.h>
• strcat(string1,string2)
– Appends string2 to the end of string1
– Usage: Create the name of data file.
• strlen(string)
– Returns the length of string. Doesn’t
include the “\0”!!!!!!!!!
– Usage: Determine whether a input data
is valid for your program.
 Library Functions
<string.h>
• strcpy(string1,string2)
– Copies string2 to string1, including the
“\0”
• strncpy(string1,string2,n)
– Copies at most n characters of string2 to
string1. If string2 has fewer than n
characters, it pads string1 with “\0”s.
– Usage: Used for Create a short file name
if a string is too long.
 Library Functions
<string.h>
• strcmp(string1,string2)
– Compares string1 to string2. Returns a
negative integer if string1<string2. 0 if
string1==string2. positive integer if
string1>string2.
• strncmp(string1,string2,n)
– Compares the first n letters of string1 and
string2 return the value as function
“strcmp”.
• Usage: We can use it for comparing if
your program work properly when you
call some data file.
 Library Functions
<ctype.h>
• isalpha (determine whether is it a
letter)
• isupper (determine whether is it
uppercase)
• islower (determine whether is it
lowercase)
• isdigit (determine whether is it a
number)
• ispunct (determine whether is it a
punctuation)
• toupper (change lowercase to
uppercase)
 Usage
• To make your name of data file more
clearly.
• And we can use it for determine
whether a input in valid.
 Library Functions
<stdlib.h>
• atoi
– Converts an ASCII string to an integer.
Conversion stops at the first noninteger
character.
• atof
– Converts an ASCII string to a double-
precision number. Conversion stops at the
first character that cannot be interpreted
as a double.
• itoa
– Converts an integer to an ASCII string.
– Format: itoa(number,string,n)
Section B

DEALING WITH STRINGS

 Example
• Write a program that prompts the user
to type in four character strings, places
these in an array of strings, and then
prints out: (e.g. I am Peter Pan)
2.The four strings in reverse order. (e.g.
Pan Peter am I)
3.The four strings in the original order,
but with each string backwards. (e.g. I
ma reteP naP)
4.The four strings in reverse order with
 way Ⅰ

• sscanf
• Please see page 372 of the book
3.Declare a character array
4.Grammar: sscanf(character array
name, “format”, varieties to store
the integer of the character)
 Solution Ⅰ
char x[40],a[4][10];
int i,j,b[4];
printf("\n\nPlease input four
words:");
gets(x);
sscanf(x,"%s %s %s %s",
a[0],a[1],a[2],a[3]);
for(i=3;i>-1;i--) printf("%s
",a[i]);
 Solution Ⅰ
for(i=0;i<4;i++) b[i]=strlen(a[i])-1;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
for(j=b[i];j>=0;j--)
printf("%c",a[i][j]);printf(" ");
}
printf("\n");
for(i=3;i>=0;i--)
{
for(j=b[i];j>=0;j--)
printf("%c",a[i][j]);printf(" ");
}
 WAY Ⅱ
• Save as a string.
2.Use Gets to receive the input and
check whether is it valid for your
program.
3.If that is valid, do the next step.
 Solution Ⅱ
int i,j;
char str[4][11];
printf("Please insert four strings :\n");
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
scanf("%s",&str[i]);
printf("The four strings you have just
input are:\n");
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
printf(" %s",str[i]);
printf("\n");
 Solution Ⅱ
for(i=3;i>=0;i--) for(i=3;i>=0;i--)
printf(" %s",str[i]); {
printf("\n"); for(j=6;j>=0;j--)
{
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{ printf("%c",str[i][j])
for(j=6;j>=0;j--)
;
{
}
printf("%c",str[i][j] }
); printf("\n");
} return 0;
}
 Way Ⅲ
• Use the sentence
• while((c = getchar()) &&
“conditions”)
 Solution Ⅲ
• We omit it here. Because it isn’t good
at dealing with strings
 Summarize
• Use the method of coordinate can
deal with the strings character by
character.
Section C

INPUT VALIDATION
 Exercise
• Write a C program that reads several
positive numbers and uses the
function round_to_nearest to round
each of these numbers to the nearest
integer. The program should print
both the original number and the
rounded number.
 Answer
int main()
{
float a;
void round_to_nearest(float);
printf("Please input a real number:");
scanf("%f",&a);
round_to_nearest(a);
return 0;
}
 Answer
void round_to_nearest(float a)
{
int z;
float x;
z=a;x=a-z;
if(x>=0.5) z++;
printf("\nthe original number is:%f",a);
printf("\nthe rounded number
is:%d",z);
}
 Question
• What will happen if I enter
“AB.CD”???

How could that happen??????

 Input Validation
• Because the input is invalid to the
program.
• A invalid value can cause so
damaging errors to your program.
• So we should found the invalid input
out.
 Solution with Way Ⅰ
char apple[8];
float number;
printf(“please enter a number:”);
gets(apple);
sscanf(apple,“%f”,&number);
 Solution with Way Ⅱ
int isfloat(char *c,int number)
{
int pdp=1,i,dec;
if (*c != '-' && *c != '+' && (*c < '0' || *c >'9'))
return 0;
for (i=1;i<number;i++)
if (*(c+i) == '.') {*(c+i)='0';dec = i;break;}
for (i=1;i<number;i++)
{
pdp = pdp * isdigit(*(c+i));
if (pdp>1000) pdp=1;
}
*(c+dec) = '.';
if (pdp==0) dec=0;
else dec=1;
return dec;
}
 The String in functions
• We can’t pass a string into a
function, because it is an array.
• We can only tell the function where
the address of the first letter.
• We pass the address to the letter,
and from that, we get all addresses.
• Then, we can change their value.
float getscore(void) Solution with Way
{
char c,i=0,n=0,number[9];Can be Ⅲ
replaced
float score; by the
while((c=getchar())!='\n') function
{ isdigit
if (c!=‘.’&&(c<‘0’||c>’9’))
{printf ("Warning: please enter a number!!!\n");
return -1.0;}
if (c==‘.’) i=1;
if (i==1&&c==‘.’)
{printf("Warning:too much decimal
point!\n");return -1.0;}
if (n>=7) {printf("Warning:we only accept 6
What is it used for?
digits!\n");return -1.0;}
number[n++]=c;
}
score = atof(number);
 Summarize: sscanf
Advantage Disadvantage
• Can save numbers • Can not find invalid
and strings at the value and give the
same time. user a warning.
• Can easy turn every
digits to a value.
 Example
char x[40],a[4][10];
int i,j,b[4];
printf("\n\nPlease input four
words:");
gets(x);
sscanf(x,"%s %s %s %s",
a[0],a[1],a[2],a[3]);
for(i=3;i>-1;i--) printf("%s
",a[i]);
 Summarize: Saving as
strings
Advantages Disadvantages
• Can check invalid • if the length of the
inputs and give the input is not fixed, it
user a warning. will be very hard to
• Can correct some control.
invalid inputs in some • It can be very hard to
cases. turn the strings to
number.
 Example
int main()
{ After we make sure
char K[100]; int i,k=1; the input is valid. We
while (k!=0) can use sscanf deal
{ with the strings!
k=0;
printf("please type in your time(m:ss.kkk):");
gets(K);
i=strlen(K);
if (K[1]!=':'||K[4]!=‘.’) {k=1; }
else {k[1]=0;k[4]=0;}
if (i!=8) k=1;
for (i=0;i<8;i++) if (K[i]<‘0’&&K[i]>‘9’) k=1;
if (k==1) printf (“error! Please enter time as
m:ss.kkk”);
}
 Summarize:Use
while((c = getchar()) && “conditions”)
Advantages Disadvantages
• Can check all kinds of • Can be too complex
wrong input. And give and waste too much
responsible warnings! time!
• Strongly recommend
that not to use this
method while
examination.
• Strongly recommend
that use it when you
design a program.
 Example
GetScore1:
printf ("The score for \"easy to read\":");
scoreEasy = getscore();
if (scoreEasy>1.0 ||scoreEasy<0.0)
{
printf("Note:the score should be in
[0,1]!\n");
goto GetScore1;
}
printf ("the score is %3.1f\n",scoreEasy);
i++;
 goto
• The command ‘goto’ can be used
everywhere in your program.
• Grammar: goto Linename;
• You should name one line in your
program in your program as
“getscore1:”
 Note
• Most programmer don’t like ‘goto’
because it can cause confusions.
• We use some dead repetition
instead.
• Such as “while(1)”
float getscore(void)
{
char c,i=0,n=0,number[9];
float score;
while((c=getchar())!='\n')
{
if (c!=‘.’&&(c<‘0’||c>’9’))
{printf ("Warning: please enter a number!!!\n");
return -1.0;}
if (c==‘.’) i=1;
if (i==1&&c==‘.’)
{printf("Warning:too much decimal
point!\n");return -1.0;}
if (n>=7) {printf("Warning:we only accept 6
digits!\n");return -1.0;}
number[n++]=c;
}
getchar();
 How to set limit?
• Sometimes, we want to set a limit of
length for our users. If the user input
something too long, we have to
ignore the last letters.
 Method
while((c=getchar())&&(i++)<max)
{……}
if (n>=max)
{
while (1)
{
c=getchar();
if (c==‘\n’) break;
}
}
 Another problem
• If one want to find the rounded
number for several times, what
should he do?
• Obviously, he can only run the
program for lots of times. What
would he think?
• How foolish the programmer are!
 We change the program
int Num, ok=1;
float num;
do{ num = getscore();
if (num<1)
{
printf(“no negative please! \n”);
continue;
}
Num = round_to_nearest(num);
ok = Continue();}while(ok==0);
 int Continue();
do { char c; int ok=3;
printf(“do you want to
continue?(Y/N):”);
c = getchar();
if (c!=‘\n’) getchar();
if (c==‘\n’ || c==‘y’ || c==‘Y’)
ok = 0;
if (c==‘n’||c==‘N’)
ok =1;
} while (ok==3);
return ok;
 continue
• Stop the reputation and re-start it
from the beginning but all varieties
will keep the current value.
 By the way
• When we use the method III we
always need the ASCII code for some
characters. What should we do with
that?
• In fact we can use Turbo C and ask
the computer to show you the ASCII
numbers.
 Program
for (i=0;i<=255;i++;)
printf(“%d---%c”, i,(char) i);

• Note the range of ASCII code is from

-127 to 128
 Input Validation
• This kind of processes are used for
avoiding mis-input which caused by
‘enter’ hasn’t been got by your
program.
• Moreover, you can design that if an
user try too many times he can
choose to exit. (Hint: use the exit() in
<stdlib.h>)
 New Year Gifts
• I have made several input validation
sub-program in the library <
DSINPUT.h>.
• I hope you can enjoy it!
• There are six functions in my library.
 <DSINPUT.H>
• in_p_int (int max) <max<=30000>
– Ask the user enter a positive number
smaller than max value.
• in_n_int (int min) <min>=-30000>
– Ask the user enter a negative number
that larger than min value.
• in_int (int min, int max)
– Ask the user enter a number that larger
than min value and smaller than min
value.
 <DSINPUT.H>
• void goon()
– Ask the user if he’d like to use the program
again.
• in_float (int min, int max)
– Ask the user enter a real number that
larger than min value and smaller than min
value.
• int isfloat(char *c,int number)
– *c is the head address of a string. Number
is the length of the string
– Determine whether a string can be turned
to real number.
• int isstring(char *str)
– Determine whether is a string a sentence.
Section D

FIND HELP
 Need help?
• Don’t go to the teacher or Zhangfan
or me.
• Try to think about it by yourself.
• If you need more ，help please try to
use the help in turbo C.
 Let me show some
examples
• Study time functions.
 Let me show some
examples
• Study time functions.

For the function “delay”

The function “delay” ask the
program have a pause
before next command (ms)

A constant
 Time functions
• In fact, the faction clock() doesn’t
give the program a real time. What
the function give to the program can
be seemed as a “time number”.
• The constant CLK_TCK can turn the
difference of “time number” to real
time. The CLK_TCK equals to 18.200
Constant
 Let me show some
examples
• Study random functions
 Let me show some
examples
• Study random functions

b e o mitted
e n t e n c e c an
o s o , th is s Can be placed by
If y o u d
time(NULL)
 Let me show some
examples
• Study random functions
 rand
• The random function rand can only
offer some fixed random number.
• If you run the same program for
several times, the random numbers
offered by rand() will always be the
same numbers.
 Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
printf ("number %d:%d\n",i,rand());
printf ("\n");
return 0;
}
Output

Just the same

 Let me show some
examples
• Study random functions
 random
• The random function rand can only
offer some fixed random number.
• If you run the same program for
several times, the random numbers
offered by rand() will always be the
same numbers.
 Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
printf ("number
%d:%d\n",i,random(10000));
printf ("\n");
return 0;
}
Output

Just the same

 Problem
• How can rand() and random() return
a real random number?
• We can use randomize()
 Let me show some
examples
• Study random functions
 Example Ⅰ
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int i;
randomize();
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
printf ("number %d:%d\n",i,rand());
printf ("\n");
return 0;
}
Output
 Example Ⅱ
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int i;
randomize();
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
printf ("number
%d:%d\n",i,random(10000));
printf ("\n");
return 0;
}
Output
 More examples
• Game
• TT

• Source code
• Game
• TT

• These programs use both time functions

and random functions.
Section E

DEBUG YOUR PROGRAM

 method
• Find the value of your variety that
might cause bugs.
• If all the value is right, check the
following:
– use ‘=’ properly or not
– check the variety of left side and right
side of ‘=’ is in the right order.
Section F

WHITE PROGRAM
 Note
• check {} ()
• use space properly
• made the structure of your program
more clearly.
• How to name your variety
 The End

Thank you very much

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