Internetworking Concepts Overview

Components of the Network

Home Office Internet

Mobile Users

Branch Office

Main Office

OSI Model Overview

Application Application (Upper) Layers Presentation Session Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Physical

Data Flow Layers

Encapsulating Data
Application

Presentation
Upper Layer Data TCP Header Upper Layer Data Session

PDU
Segment

Transport

IP Header

Data

Network

Packet

LLC Header

Data

FCS

Data Link

Frame

MAC Header

Data

FCS

0101110101001000010

Physical

Bits

De-encapsulating Data
Application Presentation Session

Upper Layer Data

Transport
Upper Layer Data

Network
TCP+ Upper Layer Data IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

Data Link
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

Physical
0101110101001000010

Physical Layer Functions

Defines Media type

Physical

Connector type

Signaling type

802.3

Physical Layer: Ethernet / 802.3

10Base2Thin Ethernet 10Base5Thick Ethernet

Host Hub Hosts

10BaseTTwisted Pair

Hubs Operate at Physical layer

Physical

All devices in the same collision domain All devices in the same broadcast domain

Devices share the same bandwidth

Hubs: One Collision Domain

More end stations means more collisions CSMA/CD is used

Data Link layer Functions

Defines

Data Link

Physical source and destination addresses

Higher layer protocol (Service Access Point) associated with frame Network topology Frame sequencing

802.2

Physical

802.3

EIA/TIA-232 v.35

Flow control
Connection-oriented or connectionless

Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)

MAC Layer - 802.3
# Bytes 6 6 2 Variable Data 4 FCS Dest add Source add Length

0000.0C
IEEE assigned

xx.xxxx
Vendor assigned

Ethernet II uses Type here and does not use 802.2.

Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)

802.2 (SNAP)
# Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 3 OUI 2 Type Variable

DSAP AA

SSAP AA

Ctrl 03

Data

OR
# Bytes 1 1

802.2 (SAP)
1 or 2 Variable

DSAP

SSAP

Ctrl

Data

Dest add

Source add Length

Data

FCS

MAC Layer - 802.3

Switches / Bridges Operate at Layer 2

Data Link

OR

Each segment has its own collision domain All segments are in the same broadcast domain

Switches

Each segment has its own collision domain Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments

Switch
Memory

Network Layer Functions

Defines logical source and destination addresses associated with a specific protocol
Defines paths through network Interconnects multiple data links
Network IP, IPX

Data Link

802.2

Physical

802.3

EIA/TIA-232 v.35

Network Layer Functions (cont.)

Address Mask
172 16

172.16.122.204
255.255.0.0
122 204

Binary Address 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

255 255 0 0

Binary Mask

11111111 11111111
Network

00000000 00000000
Host

Network Layer Functions (cont.)

1.1
1.0 4.0

4.1

1.2

1.3 E0

2.1

2.2 S0

4.3

S0

4.2

E0

Routing Table NET INT Metric 1 E0 0 2 S0 0 4 S0 1

Routing Table NET INT Metric 1 S0 1 2 S0 0 4 E0 0

Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network Configuration required Uses configured information to identify paths to networks

Routers: Operate at the Network Layer

Broadcast control

Multicast control
Optimal path determination

Traffic management
Logical addressing Connects to WAN services

Transport Layer Functions

Distinguishes between upper layer applications Establishes end-to-end connectivity between applications
Transport TCP UDP SPX

Network

Defines flow control

Provides reliable or unreliable services for data transfer

IP

IPX

Reliable Transport Layer Functions

Sender

Receiver

Synchronize Acknowledge, Synchronize Acknowledge

Connection Established
Data Transfer (Send Segments)

Network Device Domains

Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains: 1 4 Broadcast Domains: 1 1 4 1 4 4

Cisco Hub Products

Selection Issues:
Need for 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps on media
Cisco FastHub400 Cisco FastHub300

Port density
Need for management console Easy Operations

Cisco FastHub200

Cisco FastHub100 Cisco 1528 Micro Hub 10/100

Cisco 1500 Micro Hub

Catalyst Switch Products

Selection Issues:
Need for 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, or 1000 Mbps on media Need for trunking and inter-switch links Workgroup segmentation (VLANs) Port density needs
Catalyst 8500 series

Catalyst 5000 series Catalyst 2900 series

Different user interfaces

Catalyst 3000 series Catalyst 2900 series XL

Wiring Closet/Backbone Solutions

Catalyst 1900/2820 series Cisco 1548 Micro Switch 10/100

Desktop/Workgroup Solutions

Cisco Router Products

Selection Issues:
Scale of the routing features needed
Port density/variety requirements Capacity and performance Common user interface
Cisco 2500 Series Cisco 2600 Series Cisco 3600 Series Cisco 4000 Series Cisco 7000 Series Cisco 12000 GSR Series

Central Site Solutions

Cisco 700/800 Series

Cisco 1600/1700 Series

Branch Office Solutions Small Office Solutions

Home Office Solutions