Digital communication

H V KUMARASWAMY
Topics to be covered in this session
I Minimum shift keying
II M-ary FSK
III M-ary PSK

Minimum shift keying
Proper utilization of phase during detection, for
improving noise performance
Complexity increases
CPFSK (Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying)
.

+
+
=
0 ] ) 0 ( 2 [
2
1 ] ) 0 ( 2 [
2
) (
2
1
Symbol f or t f Cos
T
E
Symbol f or t f Cos
T
E
t s
b
b
b
b
u t
u t
(0) denotes the value of the phase at time t=0

] ) ( 2 [
2
) ( t t f Cos
T
E
t s
c
b
b
u t + =
An angle-modulated wave
(t) is the phase of s(t), continuous function of time.
) (
2
1
2 1
f f f
c
+ = Carrier frequency
Phase
b
b
T t t
T
h
t s s = 0 ) 0 ( ) (
t
u u
) f f ( T h
2 1 b
=
Deviation ratio
Measured with respect to bit rate 1/T
b
At time t=T
b

=
0
1
) 0 ( ) (
Symbol for h
Symbol for h
T
b
t
t
u u
Phase Tree
Phase Trellis, for sequence 1101000

) 2 ( )] ( [
2
) 2 ( )] ( [
2
) ( t f Sin t Sin
T
E
t f Cos t Cos
T
E
t s
c
b
b
c
b
b
t u t u =
In terms of In phase and Quadrature Component
b
b
T t t
T
t s s = 0
2
) 0 ( ) (
t
u u
+ Sign corresponds to symbol 1
- Sign corresponds to symbol 0


h=1/2

b b
b b
b
b b
b
b
b
T t T t
T
Cos
T
E
t
T
Cos Cos
T
E
t Cos
T
E
t s
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
2
2
2
] ) 0 ( [
2
] ) ( [
2
) (
1
t
t
u
u
For the interval of
b b
T t T s s
Half cosine pulse
In phase components
+ Sign corresponds to (0) =0
- Sign corresponds to (0) =


b
b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
Q
T t t
T
Cos
T
E
t
T
Cos T Sin
T
E
t Sin
T
E
t s
2 0
2
2
2
] ) ( [
2
] ) ( [
2
) (
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
t
t
u
u
Quadrature components
+ Sign corresponds to (T
b
) =/2
- Sign corresponds to (T
b
) = -/2

Half sine pulse
Four possibilities



b b c
b b
T t T t f Cos t
T
Cos
T
t s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
= ) 2 (
2
2
) (
1
t
t
|
b c
b b
T t t f Sin t
T
Sin
T
t 2 0 ) 2 (
2
2
) (
2
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
= t
t
|
b
T t t s t s t s s s + = 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
| |
Basic functions

| |
b b b
T
T
T t T Cos E
dt t t s s
b
b
s s =
=
}

) 0 (
) ( ) (
1 1
u
|
| |
b b b
T
T t T Sin E
dt t t s s
b
b
2 0 ) (
) ( ) (
2
0
2 2
s s =
=
}
u
|
coefficients


Signal Space Characterization of MSK


b b
T
T
T t T w s
dt t t x x
b
b
s s + =
=
}

1 1
1 1
) ( ) ( |
b
T
T t w s
dt t t x x
b
2 0
) ( ) (
2 2
2
0
2 2
s s + =
=
}
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
0
4
1
N
E
erf c
N
E
erf c P
b b
e
|
|
.
|

\
|
~
0
N
E
erf c P
b
e

MSK receiver

Q-channel
Sketch the waveform of the MSK signal for the sequence
for the 101101.Assume that the carrier frequency
a) Is 1.25 times the bit rate. b) Equal to the bit

Solution (a) f
c
=(f
1
+f
2
)/2

=1.25/ T
b
OR f1+f2=2.5/Tb
Also f
1
-f
2
=1/(2T
b
)
Solving f
1
=1.5/T
b
f
2
=1/T
b


(b) f
c
=1/T
b
f
1
+f
2
=2/T
b
f
1
-f
2
=1/(2T
b
)\
Solving f
1
=1.25/T
b
f
2
=0.75/T
b


conclusion