Quantitative Data Analysis using SPSS

Research

Source: Punch (2011)

Types of Research
Objective Exploratory Explanatory Descriptive Application Basic Applied

Types of Research (Cont.)

Methodology Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Method Approach Time Cross Sectional Time Series/Longitudinal

Research Problem
Research problem is a statement that asks about the relationships between two or more variables Morgan et. al (2004)

Variable
A variable is defined as a characteristic of the participants or situation for a given study that has different values in that stud Morgan et. al (2004)
Base of Research => Variable Gender: Study 1: Variable Study 2: Constant

Types of Variable
Dependant Variable Independent Variable A Mediating Variable
A C

Moderating Variable
A B

Operationalization
Operationalization is the process of defining a concept so that it becomes measurable variable, which is achieved by looking at behavioral dimensions and categorizing them into observable and measurable elements.

Steps of Operationalization

11

Reliability
Does the instrument measure things consistently? Ways to establish reliability
Test-retest Internal consistency for multiple measures for the same construct Cronbachs alpha (Overall .70)

Reliability
.7 = Good .8 = Very good, strong .9 = or greater -> Excellent

Validity

Validity = does the test measure what its meant to measure?

Construct validity

Reliability vs. validity

Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Differential Hypothesis Associational Hypothesis

Recommended Statistics for Different Types of Hypothesis

Kinds of Variable->Scale in SPSS

Categorical
Nominal Ordinal

Scale

Nominal Gender

Ordinal
Conveys order

Scale
Directly Measureable
GPA, Age, Height, Weight, Temperature, Salary, Job Experience

Steps for Data Handling in SPSS

Instrument Development Complete Data Collection Coding Check and Correct Errors Define Variable Name Labeling Define Different Values Set Missing Value (if any) Define Measures

Mean and Standard Deviation

The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and 300mm.

Normal Distribution of the data

Skewed Data

Correlation
Correlation is Positive when the values increase together, and Correlation is Negative when one value decreases as the other increases