Arrangement of Elements in The Periodic Table

Question 1 : The Melting Point and Boiling Point increases down the Group 18. Why?
Atomic size increases

Forces of attraction between atoms

become stronger More heat energy is needed

Question 2 : The Melting Point and Boiling Point of Group 18 elements are very low (negative) generally. Why?
Van der Waals force between atoms

are weak Less heat energy is needed to overcome the force

Question 3 : All elements in Group 18 are said to be not reactive (Inert). Why?
The valence shells are fully filled with

8 electrons (except He) Achieve octet (duplet) electron arrangement Not tend to release, receive or share electrons with other elements.

Question 4 : Density of Group 18 elements increases down the group. Why?

The increase rate of atomic mass

is higher than the rate of atomic size.

The Inert nature of Group 18

Group 1 Alkali Metals

Physical Properties Of G1 Elements

Question 1 : The Melting Point and Boiling Point decreases down Group 1. Why?
Atomic size increases

Metallic bond between atoms become

weaker Less heat energy is needed

Question 2 : Define electropositivity.

The tendency of one atom to

donate its valence electrons

Question 3 : The reactivity of alkali metals increases down the group. Why?
Atomic size increases

Distance of valence e from nucleus is

further Attraction between nucleus and valence e is weaker Easier to donate the single valence e

Question 4 : Potassium is more reactive than sodium. Why?

Atomic size of K is bigger Distance of valence e from nucleus of

K is further Attraction between nucleus and valence e of K is weaker Easier for K to donate the single valence e

Question 5 : Alkali metals conduct electricity in solid phase. Why?

Atoms contain free moving

electrons

Summary

Guestion 6: Alkali metals are stored in pariffin oils. Why?

The metals are very reactive

To prevent them from being

oxidized by oxygen and wet air

Chemical Properties Alkali metals

1) Reaction with water 2) Reaction with oxygen 3) Reaction with chlorine gas

Reaction with water

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

2K(s) + 2H2O(l)

2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Observations
Reaction with water - Lithium

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) floats and move rapidly and randomly Hissing sound (fizzing) Dissolved into water

Observations
Reaction with water - Sodium

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) turns into sphere floats and move faster small yellow flame Hissing sound (fizzing) Dissolved into water

Observations
Reaction with water - Potassium

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) turns into sphere floats and move very fast burns in lilac flame Hissing sound (fizzing) Dissolved into water

Gas test : burning splinter

Hydrogen gas:
Collect the gas into a test tube

Approach the burning splinter towards the

mouth of test tube pop sound occurred

alkali test : Red litmus

Alkali aka LiOH, NaOH, KOH :
Put some solution onto a glass disc

Dip the red litmus into the liquid

It turns blue

Reaction with oxygen

2Li(s) + O2(g) 2Na(s) + O2(g) 2Li2O(s) 2Na2O(s)

2K(s) + O2(g)

2K2O(s)

Observation
Lithium + oxygen

2Li(s) + O2(g)
Burn in red red flame
White solid (lithium oxide) Li2O dissolves in water

2Li2O(s)

Li2O(s) + H2O(l)

2LiOH(aq)

Observation
Sodium + oxygen

2Na(s) + O2(g)
White solid (sodium oxide) Na2O dissolves in water

2Na2O(s)

Burn brighter in red yellow flame

Na2O(s) + H2O(l)

2NaOH(aq)

Observation
Potassium + oxygen

2K(s) + O2(g)
Burn in red lilac flame

2K2O(s)

White solid (potassium oxide) K2O dissolves in water

K2O(s) + H2O(l)

2KOH(aq)

Reaction with chlorine

2Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2LiCl(s) 2NaCl(s)

2K(s) + Cl2(g)

2KCl(s)

The salts produced here are soluble in water

Group 17 - Halogen

Group 17 Halogen

Halogen In CCl4

THE DANGERS OF HALOGENS

Physical Properties Of Halogens

Physical Properties of Halogens

Summary

Physical Properties Of Group 17

Element Fluorine Melting Point / oC -220 Boiling Appearanc Density/ e Point/ oC G dm-3 -188 Pale yellow 0.0016 gas

Chlorine
Bromine Iodine

-101
-7 114

-35
59 184

Pale Green gas

Brownish Liquid Grey solid

0.003
3.14 4.94

Summary of Physical Properties

Physical state : gas

liquid

solid

Low melting and boiling point Do not conduct electricity Poor heat conductor Low density

Question 1 : The Melting Point and Boiling Point increases down Group 17. Why?
Molecular size increases

Forces of attraction between

molecules become stronger More heat energy is needed

Question 2 : Halogens do not conduct electricity . Why?

The particles of halogens are

molecules They have no free ions

Chemical Properties Halogens

1) Reaction with water 2) Reaction with Iron 3) Reaction with alkali

Observations

1) Reaction with water

Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Br2(g) + 2H2O(l) I2(g) + 2H2O(l)

HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)
HBr(aq) + HOBr(aq) HI(aq) + HOI(aq)

Name : HOCl = hypochlorus acid HOBr = hypobromus acid HOI = hypoiodus acid

2) Reaction with iron

2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g)
2Fe(s) + 3Br2(g) 2Fe(s) + 3I2(g)

2FeCl3(s)
2FeBr3(s) 2FeI3(s)

Name : FeCl3 = Iron(III) chloride All the salts produced are soluable water

in

How to draw the diagram of Iron being burned in halogens

Iron wool
Chlorine gas

Heating Soda chalk Potassium permangate + HCl

How to draw the diagram of Iron being burned in halogens

Bromine gas

Iron wool

Heating Heating Heating

Bromine water Heating

3) Reaction with alkali

NaOH(aq)+Cl2(g) NaOH(aq)+Br2(g) NaCl(aq)+NaOCl(aq)+H2O(l) NaBr(aq)+NaOBr(aq) + H2O(l)

NaOH(aq)+I2(g)

NaI(aq)+NaOI(aq)+ H2O(l)

Name : NaOCl = sodium chlorate(I) NaOBr = sodium bromate(I) NaOI = sodium iodate(I)

Summary 1

Summary 2

Question 3 : The reactivity (electronegativity) of halogens decreases down the group. Why?
Atomic size increases

Distance of valence e from nucleus is

further The strength to attract one electron into valence shell is weaker Harder to attract electron

Question 4 : Define electropositivity.

The tendency of one atom to

attract electrons into the outermost occupied shell