A Power Controlled Multiple Access Protocol for Wireless Packet Networks

Jeffrey P. Monks, Vaduvur Bharghavan, and Wen-mei W. Hwu University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801
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Outline
INTRODUCTION THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION THE PCMA PROTOCOL PERFORMANCE OF PCMA CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
A major issue in wireless networks is developing efficient medium access protocols that optimize spectral reuse CSMA/CA fixed power controlled on/off collision avoidance model PCMA Power Controlled Multiple Access, using variable bounded power collision suppression model power: The rate of transfer or absorption of energy per

unit time in a system

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INTRODUCTION (cont.)
PCMA
Does not require the presence of base stations to manage transmission power (decentralized) Allows a greater number of simultaneous transmissions (spectral reuse) Improvements in aggregate channel utilization by more than a factor of 2 compared to the IEEE 802.11 protocol standard

THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION

CSMA/CA in Wireless Networks
A: sender B: receiver
Time

A
RTS

C: exposed station (within range of sender, but not receiver)

D: hidden station (within range of receiver, but not sender)

CTS DATA

D hears C doesnt C ACK, hears hearresumes RTS, CTS, defers resumes transmission transmission
ACK

D hears CTS, defers transmission

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THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION (cont.)

Traditional CSMA/CA protocol : A could not send to B If C reduced its transmission power such that it would be just enough for D to capture its signal then other nodes in the region could also proceed with their transmission
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THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION (cont.)

We can achieve PCMA by adhering to two key principles 1.The power conserving principle: each station must
transmit at the minimum power level that is required to be successfully heard by its intended receiver under current network conditions

2. The cooperation principle: no station that commences

a new transmission must transmit loud enough to disrupt ongoing transmissions For these purposes every station must advertise its noise tolerance
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THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION (cont.)

Channel

Propagation Models

The amount of transmission power required for a node to send a valid signal to its destination will depend on the gain between each source and destination. Gain (Gij): The ratio of output current power to input current power G is proportional to 1/d2 (inside the Fresnel zone), or 1/d4 (outside the Fresnel zone) Fresnel Zones are a series of concentric ellipsoids surrounding the radio path
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THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION (cont.)

Channel Propagation Models (cont.)

A
Data channel
Busy tone channel

In PCMA, we assume that:

1. Data channel gains busy tone channel gains 2. GAB GBA 3. The channel gain is stationary for the duration of the control and data packet transmissions
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THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION (cont.)

Channel Propagation Models (cont.)

path loss shadowing multipath

Three basic channel effects path loss, shadowing, multipath

Assumption 1 N/A Assumption 2 N/A

N/A N/A

N/A Yes

Assumption 3 Little

Little

Yes
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THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION (cont.)

Power

Constraints

Pt_Max, Pt_Min : the maximum and minimum transmission powers for a transmitter on the data channel, respectively RX_Thresh, CS_Thresh : the minimum received signal power for receiving a valid packet and for sensing a carrier, respectively SIR_Tresh : minimum signal to interference ratio for which the receiver can successfully receive a packet Pti : the minimum power which a transmitter i must use to transmit a packet to a receiver j Ek : the noise tolerance of a receiver k

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THE PROBLEM AND APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION (cont.)

Power Constraints (cont.) Pt_Min Pti Pt_Max PtiGij RX_Thresh SIRj = PtiGij / Pnj SIR_Thresh where Pnj = Pt lGlj +Nj , Nj is the thermal noise l i Ek = (Prk / SIR_Thresh) Pnk Prk K for all k, Pt E /G i k ik Pti mink{ Ek/Gik } = Pt_boundi
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THE PCMA PROTOCOL

PCMA

Protocol Overview

request-power-to-send (RPTS) / acceptable-power-to-send (APTS) handshake VS. RTS / CTS in IEEE 802.11
RPTS and APTS used to determine the minimum transmission power that the sender must use

Noise tolerance advertisement is periodically pulsed in busy tone channel VS. Carrier sense
The signal strength of the pulse indicates the noise tolerance

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THE PCMA PROTOCOL (cont.)

PCMA

VS IEEE 802.11 (collision avoidance)

PCMA IEEE 802.11 Sensing the carrier Sending a CTS Monitoring the busy tone channel Periodically pulsing the busy tone RPTSAPTSDAT AACK

sender receiver

handshake

RTSCTSDATA ACK

Power control

Bounded power model

On/of model

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THE PCMA PROTOCOL (cont.)

PCMA
time step1 i

Protocol Steps
j RPTS
APTS step2 k

step3 DATA step4 Send Busy Tone pulses ACK step5

step6

step7
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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA
IPC

, PCMA , and IEEE 802.11 Ideal power controlled protocol (IPC) IPC is provided with perfect knowledge of the link gain between any two nodes, the noise at any potential destination , and the upper bound on a transmitters signal power
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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

The source node is picked randomly from the set of all nodes and the destination is picked randomly from the set of all nodes one hop away Each data transmission between source and destination will be referred to as a flow Flow rate refers to the number of packets sent per second

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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

Sending busy tone pulse for every 128 bytes

The performance of PCMA is demonstrated for differing number of busy tone pulses 25 sent per data transmission period (1, 4, 16, 64)

PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

The region is smaller than the transmission range. PCMA and 802.11 almost the same throughput performance
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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

PCMA can sent packets simultaneously in both clusters by reducing its transmission power
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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

Unfair

phenomenon

if network load increases

1. the expected power for a source to reach its destination will increase (increasing background noise) 2. the expected power bound decrease (increasing exposed receivers) source are more likely to backoff allowing a greater number of short range transmissions unfair favoritism toward source-destination pairs sending over shorter distances
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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

A perfect fair protocol should like this

source

The fraction of total packets received by destinations in five distance ranges

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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

Packets lost

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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

Fixed power fair but more packets lost Unfixed power not fair but less packets lost
Fairness is improved due to power bound increasing, but less throughput

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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

Mulitpath

effect on the three assumption X (dB) denotes the channel gain, X = -u with a probability , u with probability , 0 with probability ,

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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

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PERFORMANCE OF PCMA (cont.)

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CONCLUSION
PCMA allows for a greater number of simultaneous senders than 802.11 PCMA can achieve more than a 2 times improvement in aggregate bandwidth compared to 802.11 for highly dense networks PCMA is still a protocol design in progress, so fairness properties and performance under mobility must be ongoing work

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