This

approach recognises that human resource in an organisation is the central force HR approach provides for the changes in the managerial role, it requires that the managers instead of controlling the employees, should provide active support to them by treating them as part of a group. The superiors should practice a style where workers are given opportunities and encouragement.

Contingency approach, also known as situational approach, is a concept in management stating that there is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations. Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. Contingency approaches remain less common than change management approaches. The contingency approach to management is based on the idea that there is no one best way to manage and that to be effective, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling must be tailored to the particular circumstances faced by an organization.

oManagers have always asked questions such as "What is the right thing to do? Should we have a mechanistic or an organic structure? A functional or divisional structure? Wide or narrow spans of management? Tall or flat organizational structures? Simple or complex control and coordination mechanisms? Should we be centralized or decentralized? Should we use task or people oriented leadership styles? What motivational approaches and incentive programs should we use?" The contingency approach to management (also called the situational approach) assumes that there is no universal answer to such questions because organizations, people, and situations vary and change over time. Thus, the right thing to do depends on a complex variety of critical environmental and internal contingencies

 Productivity

means numerical value of the ratio of input and output. Higher the value of this ratio, greater the efficiency and effectiveness of the management The traditional concept of productivity was concerned with economic inputs and outputs, but now days human and social inputs and outputs are equally important.

 This

approach is of the view that an organisation is a powerful system with several subsystems which are highly and closely interconnected. Any action taken to solve the problems in one subsystem will have its effect on the other subsystem as well; since all the parts of the organisation in interconnected. This approach gives the managers a way of looking at the organisation as a whole, whole group, and whole social system.