MASS BALANCE

MASS BALANCE FUNDAMENTALS

Material

balances (mass balance) are based on the fundamental law of conservation of mass

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Mass Balance

DEFINITION
The

mass that enters a system must, by conservation of mass, either leave the system or accumulate within the system
is important to note that though the total mass in a system are conserved, the mass of a single species is not (since it may be changed into something else ).

It

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MATHEMATICAL FORM
WITHOUT A CHEMICAL REACTION: Mathematically the mass balance for a system without a chemical reaction is as follows:

Input = Output + Accumulation

In the absence of a chemical reaction the amount of any chemical species flowing in and out will be the same .
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MATHEMATICAL FORM
WITH A CHEMICAL REACTION: However if this is not the case then the mass balance equation must be amended to allow for the generation or consumption of each chemical species. (consumption or generation) used in the equation, which will be negative for consumption and positive for generation, Input output+ Generation-Consumption =Accumulation
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MATHEMATICAL FORM

Equation explicitly state that what goes into the system must either come out of the system, get used up or generated by the system, or remain in the system and accumulate.

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MATHEMATICAL FORM
The relationship between these is simple: The streams entering the system cause an increase of the substance in the system. The streams leaving the system decrease the amount of the substance in the system. Generating or consuming mechanisms (such as chemical reactions) can either increase or decrease the stuff in the system. What's left over is the amount of stuff in the system

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TIME AS A FACTOR
For

many environmental problems, time is an important factor as the terms are expressed as mass rate i.e. the quantity of mass entering or leaving the system per unit time. balance equation is modified to the form; Mass rate of accumulation = Mass rate of input Mass rate of output

Mass

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MATHEMATICAL FORM
PROBLEM STATEMENT: There are 59 students who signed up for a course, after few days 4 more students are added and 1 of the students dropped the course due to some reasons. From all the above students none of the student left the course incomplete. What is the number that finishes the course?

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SOLUTION
59

Students signed up [IN] 4 Added [Generation] 1 dropped [Consumption] No incompletes [Accumulation] 62 students Finishes the course [Out]

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TERMINOLOGIES
PROCESS: A process is a series of actions or operations
that results in an end product.

SYSTEM / CONTROL VOLUME: Any arbitrary

portion or whole of a process set out specifically for analysis. OR System boundaries are drawn in such a way that calculations are made as simple as possible. The system within the boundaries is called as control volume.
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TERMINOLOGIES
Closed system: A closed system is one which does not have flows in or out of the substance.
Open system: In which the substance is allowed to enter and/or leave the system.
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CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESSES
A.

Based on how the process varies with time.

Steady-state process is one that does not change with time. OR A system which does not accumulate a substance is said to be at steadystate.

Unsteady-state process is one that changes with time.

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CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESSES
B.

Based on how the process was built to operate

Continuous process is a process that has the feed streams and product streams moving chemicals into and out of the process all the time. At every instant, the reactants are fed and product is removed. Batch process, In this process material is placed in the vessel at the start and (only) removed at the end --no material is exchanged with the surroundings during the process.
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What balances can one write?

A mass balance can be written using the total mass in each process stream. This is called a total balance. A separate mass balance can be written for each chemical component involved. These are called component balances. Example: A process unit involves 3 chemical components. How many mass balances can be written? Solution:We can write 4 balances. We can write a total balance and 3 component balances.

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Example # 1
Mr. and Mrs. Green purchase and bring into their house approximately 50kg of consumer goods ( food, magazines, newspapers, appliances, furniture, and associated packaging). Half of the consumer goods are used for biological maintenance, the remainder is discharged to the sewer system. The Greens recycle approx. 25% of the solid waste that is generated. Approximately 1kg accumulates in the house. Estimate the amount of solid waste they place at the curb each week.
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Example # 2
Water is filling in the bathtub and someone forgot to put the plug in. If the volume of water for a bath is 0.350 m3 and the tap is flowing at 1.32 L/min and the drain is running at 0.32 L/min. how long will it take to fill the tub to bath level? Assuming someone shuts off the water when the tub is full and does not flood the house, how much water will be wasted? Assume the density of water is 1000kg/m3.
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More complex systems

A

key step in the solution of mass balance problems for systems that are more complex than the previous examples is the selection of an appropriate control volume.

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Example # 3
A storm sewer network in a small residential subdivision is shown in the next fig. the storm water flows by gravity in the direction shown by the pipes. Storm water only enters the storm sewer on the east-west legs of pipe. No storm water enters on the north-south legs. The capacity of each pipe is 0.120m3/s. during large rain storms, river street floods below junction 1 because the flow of water exceeds the capacity of pipe. To alleviate this problem and to provide extra capacity for expansion, it is proposed to build a retention pond to hold the storm water until the storm is over and then gradually release it. Where in the pipe network should the retention pond be built to provide approximately 50% extra capacity in the remaining system?
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Efficiency
The

ratio of the mass that is accumulated in the process to the incoming mass is the measure of how effective the process is removing the contaminant

(Mass in Mass out / Mass in ) x 100%

Or (Conc. In Conc. Out / Conc. In) x 100%

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Example # 4
The baghouse contains 424 cloth bags arranged in parallel, that is 1/424 of the flow goes through each bag. The gas flow rate into and out of the baghouse is 47 m3 and the conc. Of the particles entering the baghouse isn15 g/m3. in normal operation, the baghouse particulate discharge meets the regulatory limit of 24 mg/m3. calculate the fraction of particulate matter removed and the efficiency of particulate removal.
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