Carbon compounds are compounds which contain the element carbon.

Carbon compounds can be classified into two groups: a)Organic compound b)Inorganic compound Hydrocarbon contains only two element, hydrogen and carbon. Non-hydrocarbon is organic compound that contain hydrogen, carbon with oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogen.

Hydrocarbon can classified into: a)Saturated hydrocarbon b)Unsaturated hydrocarbon Saturated hydrocarbon a is hydrocarbon contain carbon-carbon single bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon contain carbon-carbon double or triple bond. Natural sources of hydrocarbon are petroleum, coal and natural gas. Organic compounds burn in excess of oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Homologous General formula series

Alkane CnH2n+2

Functional group
Carbon-carbon single bond, C-C

Alkene

CnH2n

Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester

CnH2n+1OH CnH2n+1COOH

Carbon-carbon double bond, C=C Hydroxyl, -OH

Carboxyl, -COOH

CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 Carboxylate group, -COO-

Number Structural formula Molecular of formula carbon

1 CH4

Name of alkane
Methane

Condition at room temperature

Gas

C2H6

Ethane

Gas

C3H8

Propane

Gas

C4H10

Butane

Gas

C5H12

Pentane

Liquid

C6H14

Hexane

Liquid

C7H18

Heptane

Liquid

C8H18

Octane

Liquid

C9H20

Nonane

Liquid

10

C10H22

Decane

Liquid

i)General formula: CnH2n+2 ii)Physical properties: a)Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent b)Cannot conduct electricity c)Low melting and boiling point but increases as the number carbon atom per molecule increases d)Low density but increases as the number carbon atom per molecule increases e)neutral f)burn with sooty flame iii)Alkane is saturated hydrocarbon.

iv)Alkane burn with excess oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. v)Alkane undergo substitution reaction atom of H replaced with halogen atom with presence of sunlight or UV rays.

Number of carbon
2

Structural formula

Molecular formula
C2H4

Name of alkene
Ethene

Condition at room temperature

Gas

C3H6

Propene

Gas

C4H8

But-1-ene

Gas

C5H10

Pent-1-ene

Liquid

C6H12

Hex-1-ene

Liquid

C7H14

Hept-1-ene

Liquid

C8H16

Oct-1-ene

Liquid

C9H18

Non-1-ene

Liquid

10

C10H20

Dec-1-ene

Liquid

i)General formula: CnH2n ii)Physical properties: a)Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent b)Cannot conduct electricity c)Low melting and boiling point but increases as the number carbon atom per molecule increases d)Low density but increases as the number carbon atom per molecule increases e)burn with more sooty flame than alkane of same number of carbon atom because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkene is higher. f)more reactive than alkane due to the presence of carbon-carbon double bond

iii)Alkene is unsaturated hydrocarbon. iv)Alkene burn with excess oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. v)Alkane and alkene can be identified with a test by using bromine water or acidified patassium manganate(VII) solution. Alkene decolourises both reagent while alkane does not. vi)Small alkene undergo addition reaction to join together to form a large molecule. This reaction is called polymerization.

O2 CO2 and H2O Polymerization Polyethene

H2 Ethane

Hydroxyl group Ethane-1,2diol

Ethene

Halogen 1,2dibromoeth ane

H2O Ethanol

Hydrogen halide Chloroethane

Comparing alkane and alkene

Alkane Aspect Alkene

Isomerism is a phenomenon whereby two or more molecules are found to have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Isomer is the molecules that have the same number and types of atoms but differ in the arrangement of the atoms.
Isomerism in alkane start with butane. Alkyl group is an alkane by dropping -ane from the name and replacing it with -yl Methane, ethane, propane, ethene and propene do not exhibit isomerism.

Molecular formula

Structural formula

Number of isomer

C4H10

Butane

2-methylpropane

C5H12

Pentane

2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylbutane

C4H8

But-1-ene

2-methylpropene
But-2-ene

C5H10

Pent-1-ene

Pent-2-ene

2-methylbut-1-ene

3-methylbut-1-ene

2-methylbut-2-ene

n 1

Name Methanol

Molecular formula CH3OH

Structural formula

Ethanol

C2H5OH

3 Propan-1-ol

C3H7OH

Butan-1-ol

C4H9OH

General formula: CnH2n+1OH Physical properties: a)Colourless b)Soluble in water but solubility decreases as the number of carbon atom increases c)Melting and boiling point is higher than alkane and alkene due to the presence of -OH d)Non-hydrocarbon compound Alcohol is used as fuels, solvents, in medicine, in making cosmetics and as a main component in alcoholic drinks

Manufacture ethanol in industry: a)Fermentation of sugar or starch in the presence of yeast C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 b)Hydration of ethene in the presence of catalyst (phosphoric acid) at 300 C at 60atm. C2 H 4 + H 2 O C2H5OH Chemical properties of ethanol: a)Combustion C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O b)Oxidation C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O c)Dehydration C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O

Functional group: Uses: a)Vinegar b)Coagulate latex c)Make soap d)Make paints Physical properties: a)Soluble in water b)High density

Carboxyl,
-COOH General formula: CnH2n+1COOH

Carboxylic acid
Name end with -oic acid Normally prepared by oxidation of an alcohol

c)High boiling and melting point

d)Colourless e)Pungent smell

n
0 1 2 3

Name
Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid

Molecular Boiling Solubility formula point ( C) in water

HCOOH CH3COOH C2H5COOH C3H7COOH 101 118 141 164 Very soluble Very soluble Very soluble Very soluble

REACTION :
1) Reaction with bases/alkalis salt and water HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H2O 2C2H5COOH + ZnO (C2H5COO)2Zn + H2O
2) Reaction with metal carbonates salt + water + carbon dioxide 2HCOOH + CaCo3 (HCOO)2Ca + H2O + CO2 3) Reaction with metals salt + hydrogen 2HCOOH + Mg (HCOO)2Mg + H2 4) Reaction with alcohol(esterification) esters HCOOH + C2H5OH HCOOC2H5 + H20

Product of an esterification reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol Uses: a)Cosmetics and perfumes b)Food additives

Contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

General formula:

CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1

Ester

Functional group: Carboxylate,

c)Solvent
d)Soaps and detergents Physical properties:

-COO-

a)Insoluble in water
b)Less dense than water c)Sweet pleasant smell e)Colourless and neutral f)Cannot conduct electricity

Name consist two words: First: alcohol (alkyl group) Second: carboxylic acid(change -oic to -oate

Formula
HCOOC2H5

Name
Ethyl methanoate

Carboxylic acid
Methanoic acid

Alcohol
Ethanol

CH3COOCH3
CH3COOC3H7 C2H5COOCH3 C3H7COOC3H7

Methyl ethanoate Propyl ethanoate Methyl propanoate Propyl butanoate

Ethanoic acid
Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid

Methanol
Propanol Methanol Propanol

Fats are product of reaction between glycerol and fatty acid. Fatty acid is long straight-chain containing between 12 to18 carbon atoms per molecule. Fats are important source of energy for our body. Saturated fat may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessel and making them harden. This can lead to stroke and heart attack.

Unsaturated fat can converted to saturated fat by hydrogenation

Margarine is made by hydrogenating some of carbon-carbon double bond in vegetable oil.

Comparison
Source Melting point ( C) Physical state at room temperature Cholesterol content Examples

Oils
Plant <20 / lower Liquid Low Peanut oil, soybean oil

Fats
Animal >20 / higher Solid High Butter, lard

Oil palm fruit bunches Sterilising the fruits Stripping the fruits from bunches

Digestion
Pressing out the oil Extracting oil from palm nuts Clarification Purification Vacuum Palm kernel oil Palm oil

Physical properties:
Natural rubber is elastic . Natural rubber cannot withstand heat . Natural rubber is easily oxidised by air . Natural rubber is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent

Aspect
Structure Oxidation

Unvulcanised rubber
More carbon-carbon double bond, C=C Easy oxidised

Vulcanised rubber
Less carbon-carbon double bond, C=C More resistant to oxidation

Resistance of heat
Strength

Elasticity

Cannot withstand heat Soft and easy change shape Less

More heat-resistant
Stronger and harder

More

THE END
Hadib Jazmine Phang Jia Yin