Chapter 6 Land and It Resources

LAND AND ITS RESOURCES
CHAPTER 6
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Keywords
English Compound Element Solubility Limestone Quicklime Coal Fractional distillation Silicon compound Malay Sebatian Unsur Keterlarutan Batu kapur Kapur tohor Arang batu Penyulingan berperingkat Sebatian silikon
Example of minerals
MINERALS FOUND IN THE EARTH'S CRUST

Mineral: naturally occurring solid element or compound with a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. Natural elements: gold, silver and diamond (a form of carbon) are found as minerals in some rocks. Natural compounds: oxides, carbonates, sulphides and silicates are also found as minerals in some rocks
Examples of some natural compounds and their elements Natural compound Found in mineral Consists mostly of element such as
Carbonate
Oxide Oxide Sulphide Sulphide Silicate Silicate
Calcite
Quartz Haematite Galena Pyrite Calcium silicate Kaolin (day)
Calcium, carbon, oxygen

Silicon, oxygen Iron, oxygen Lead, sulphur Iron, sulphur Calcium, silicon, oxygen Aluminium, silicon, oxygen
Properties of Minerals
Different minerals have different hardness and solubility in water. They also react differently when heated.
Effect of Heat on Some Metal Carbonates,Oxides and Sulphides

Heating mineral compounds may cause them to break down into simpler substances. Most oxides of metals do not break down when heated. However, the sulphides of some metals when heated, break down into metal oxides- sulphur dioxide gas.
If sulphur dioxide gas is passed through a solution of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution, the solution changes from purple to colourless Carbonates of some metals, when heated, decompose into metal oxides, giving off carbon dioxide gas. If carbon dioxide gas is passed through clear limewater, the limewater turns milky.
The effect of heat on some metal oxide, metal carbonate and sulphide
The effect of heat on some metal oxide, metal carbonate and sulphide
REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

Reactions between Metals and Oxygen Oxygen is the most abundant element found in the Earth's crust. Most metals, except mercury, silver and gold, combine readily with oxygen to form metal oxides when heated. Example:
Magnesium + Oxygen
heat
Magnesium oxide
Reactions between Metals and Oxygen
Reactions between Metals and Oxygen
Iron + oxygen
iron oxide
rust
REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

Reactions between Metals and Sulphur Sulphur is an element that combines with some metals to form sulphides. Metal sulphides - contained in certain minerals in the Earth's crust. Some metals, such as iron, when heated with sulphur produce metal sulphides. Example:
Magnesium + Sulphur
heat
Magnesium sulphide
Reactions between Metals and Sulphur
Reactions between Metals and Sulphur
Exercise
1. What is the function of the pottasium manganate (VII) crystals? . 2. What is the use of placing a piece of glass wool at the mouth of the test tube? . 3. Name the product produced at the end of the experiment.
SILICON COMPOUNDS
Silicon is a non-metal. It combines with other elements to form mineral compounds.
SILICON COMPOUNDS
Silica
Silicon combines with oxygen to form a compound called silicon dioxide or silica. It occurs in various forms such as sand, sandstone, flint and quartz.
Silicon + oxygen silicon dioxide (silica)
Example of silica
SILICON COMPOUNDS
Silicates
Silicon combines with oxygen and a metallic element. Sodium silicate is prepared by heating silica and sodium carbonate. Silicates occur in various forms such as clay, asbestos, mica, feldspar, gneiss, jade, emerald, slate and schists. Example: Silica + sodium carbonate
heat
silicate
Example of silicate
SILICON COMPOUNDS
Silica and silicates are stable compounds because: insoluble in water not broken down into simple substances when heated do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Uses of Silicon and Its Compounds in Our Daily Lives

Making of: Electronic chip (semiconductor) Glass (sodium silicate and calcium silicate) Optical fibres Ceramics (made from clay or minerals )
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
Calcium carbonate is a compound which is made up of calcium, carbon and oxygen. It occurs naturally in various forms such as limestone, marble, chalk, calcite, coral and even in the hard shells of some marine animals.
Properties of calsium carbonate
Calcium carbonate reacts with a dilute acid to produce a salt, carbon dioxide and water. when heated produces carbon dioxide and calcium oxide or quicklime. Calcium oxide combines with water to produce calcium hydroxide or slaked lime. Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form a solution of calcium hydroxide or limewater which is an alkali.
Uses of Calcium Compounds

Marble is an example of a calcium compound. Commonly used as tiles and table tops because it is hard and heat resistant. It does not dissolve in water.
Calcium compound
Calcium oxide
Use
Drying agent for ammonia gas
Calcium carbonate Antacid to relive gastric pains Calcium hydroxide Reduce the acidity of water purification plants
NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Formation of Fossil Fuels Petroleum, natural gas and coal are classified as fossil fuels. Fossils are the remains of dead plants and animals that have been buried in the ground for millions of years
Formation of petroleum
Millions of years ago, remains of dead marine animals and plants sank to the bottom of the sea Over the years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper into the earth under thick layers of sand and mud
Pressure, heat and decay caused by bacteria changed the buried plant fossils into petroleum
Formation of coal
Millions of years ago, remains of dead plants were naturally buried undeground Over the years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper into the earth under thick layers of rock
Pressure, heat and decay caused by bacteria changed the buried plant fossils into coal
Fractional Distillation of Petroleum

Petroleum is a mixture of different hydrocarbons Need to be separated from one another before can be useful
Fractional Distillation of Petroleum
Test

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Chapter 6 Land and It Resources

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LAND AND ITS RESOURCES

MINERALS FOUND IN THE EARTH'S CRUST

Calcium, carbon, oxygen

Effect of Heat on Some Metal Carbonates,Oxides and Sulphides

REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

Reactions between Metals and Oxygen

Reactions between Metals and Oxygen

REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

Reactions between Metals and Sulphur

Reactions between Metals and Sulphur

Uses of Silicon and Its Compounds in Our Daily Lives

Properties of calsium carbonate

Uses of Calcium Compounds

NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Fractional Distillation of Petroleum

Fractional Distillation of Petroleum

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