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Materials Used in Tall Structures
Materials Used in Tall Structures
R .C. C.
not appear to have been used for multistory high rise buildings until 1930.
In 1903 the first high rise building was built in Cincinnati Cincinnati. Official name- Ingalls Building. City - Cincinnati. State - Ohio. Country - U.S.A. Height - 65m Floors - 16 Construction 1903
R.C.C.
What is RCC?
Why it is used? Cost of reinforcement .
Types of Reinforcement
Up to 1960, Indian construction industry using 250 MPa mild steel for concrete reinforcement. Attempts to increase the yield strength by conventional method of increasing carbon content is result in reducing Ductility, Bend ability of bars. In 1970, CTD bars introduced as product of cold Twisting technology to overcome strength, Ductility problem where carbon content restricted to low level and proof strength was increased from 250MPa to Guaranteed value of 415 MPA by cold twisting, bond strength was increased by ribbing pattern. TMT bars are recent technological advancement for production of High strength Deformed steel bars. Process of Thermo -mechanical treatment increases strength, ductility.
HYSD bars have no clearly marked yield point & which exhibit brittle failure (i.e. Failure occurring before reaching an elongation of less than (3-4)%
Ribbed bars are in grades of Fe250, Fe 415, Fe 500 & Fe550
The bar can be distinguished by surface deformation, grade marking by colour code is difficult.
Bars less than 12mm dia. are produced in two ribbed design while the bars over 12 mm dia. Produced in four ribbed design. Grade Fe500 bars can be identified by presence of * after every 300mm,other bars do not have such marks.
TMT bar
CTD bar
Cont
Fatigue strength- Reinforced concrete member subjected to alternating loads producing minimum and maximum stresses of sufficiently high intensity may fail due to fatigue in steel. Maximum repetitive stress that can be sustained by the steel section without failure for 2 million load cycles is commonly accepted as a measure of Fatigue strength. Fire resistance- RCC structures subjected to fire get severely affected when the temp of the reinforcing steel exceeds 500-600 deg. Celsius. around this temp proof strength of HYSD bars reduces to 250MPa
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Tall buildings
1. Name Garden Towers Structural design- Taisei construction co. Date of completion- July 1992 No. of storey - 39 Height - 125.3m Max grade used - 60MPa
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Cont
Name- The scene Johoku Structural design- Shimizu construction co. No. of storey- 45 Height - 160m Grade used - M60 Completion - 1993
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Initially compressive strength of concrete is considered as the most important parameter to classify concrete. However it has been realized at a later stage with experience that the strength is not the only important parameter but Durability, workability of concrete are also important for structure. This led to the evolution of concept of H.P.C.
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purpose for which it is used. No unusual ingredients are needed and no special equipment has to used, all it requires is the understanding of the behavior of concrete and will to produce the concrete mix within close tolerances.
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What makes the concrete as H.P.C. is the very low w/c ratio.
Always below 0.35, often around 0.25 & occasionally around 0.20.
Only way to have low volume of pores is for mix to contain particles
grade down to finest size.
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Determination of optimum quantity of cement and mineral admixture is extremely important in designing the HPC mix
This is not only required for cost reduction but also for enhancement of the quality of concrete.
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Mineral Admixtures used in H.P.C. 1. Silica fume 2. fly ash 3. GGBS 4. Metakaoline
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Sr. No.
Mix Descriptions
Aggregate Kg/M^3
Water (Kg/M3)
W/Cm
SP (% by wt of cem ent)
Colour
Coarse
Fine
Cement
1 2 3 4
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Super plasticizers 1. SMF 2. SNF 3. ASTM F-type Optimum dosage of super plasticizer can be evaluated by flow consistency test using Marsh cone. The point at which the slope changes corresponds to the optimum dosage of admixture
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Mixing Method
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Properly designed H.P.C. mix is more cohesive than NSC and does not tend to segregate but it loses strength rapidly compared to NSC.
This makes H.P.C. more sensitive to temperature
At kaiga 1&2 and RAPP-3&4 aggregates were pre cooled and about 90% water is replaced by ice flakes.
High slump HPC mix may not seem to need compaction, but experience of Kaiga-1&2, RAPP-3&4 suggest that good vibration after placement of fresh mix is essential for structural elements having high congestion with reinforcement.
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Curing
Performance of HPC at hardened state is rather more sensitive to Curing than that of NSC
Loss of moisture from exposed surface of fresh concrete at early age cause plastic shrinkage. Protection against moisture loss from fresh HPC is crucial for development of strength and durability. Curing of HPC is carried out in two stages, initial curing and final curing.
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Design of H.P.C.
No specific method of mix design of NSC, as presently prevailing in India, was found suitable for mix design of H.P.C. Absolute volume method has been adopted in mix design of HPC for containment domes of Kaiga-1&2 and RAPP-3&4 nuclear power plants In calculating the mix proportions, air content for concrete may be assumed to be 1 % and unit water content may not be less than 150Kg/m^3 Target compressive strength may be taken as about 20% more than desired characteristic strength.
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Slump 175 mm Silica fume 7.5% by wt of cement. Cement 475 Kg/m^3 Superplasticizer ASTM F- type Retarder 0.1 % of wt of cement W/Cm is taken as 0.32 for target split tensile strength of 4.37 MPa.
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Use of H.P.C.
Bourke place Meilbourne, Australia Year of completion 1991 No of storeys - 52 Height of building - 223m No of levels below ground- 3 Building use - office Type of structure - R.C.C. Concrete strength - 60MPa
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Fibres are used through ancient times 3000 BC Egyptians Used mud mixed with straw to bind dried bricks. They also used gypsum mortars and mortars of lime in the pyramids. Portland cement association investigated FRC in 1950 with the surge in Fibre reinforcing, new materials other than steel were investigated Recently organic & synthetic fibres such as acrylic,aramid, carbon, nylon, polyster, polypropylene also been used.
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Cont
Useful Improvements in the mechanical behavior of tension weak concrete (or mortar) can be achieved by incorporation of short discrete fibres
Resulting composite generally termed as Fibre Reinforced Concrete
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At the cracking section matrix does not resist any tension and fibres carry
entire load of the composite.
With increasing load fibers will tend to transfer the additional stress to
matrix through bending. If these bond stresses do not exceed the bond strength, then there may be additional cracking in matrix.
The process of multiple cracking will continue until either fibres fail or
there may be fiber pullout.
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Constituent materials
Commercially used mixes for matrix in FRC are often not very much different from what is used for conventional RCC.
In applications when thin sections are to be cast Maximum aggregate size limited to 9.5 to 19mm It is necessary to use super plasticizers with mixes containing larger fibre volume content (1% or more). Air entraining agents can also be used with FRC to improve its ability to resist freeze thaw cycling under load( especially in pavement)
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Mechanical properties of FRC are largely influenced by Fibre Aspect Ratio, fibre type, fibre orientation.
F.A.R.- Is defined as the ratio of the length to equivalent fibre dia.
To avoid the fibre balling in conventional and to provide uniform distribution of fibres in mix FAR taken as 100
Practically used fibre volumes in conventional FRC range from (0.1 to2)%
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Types of fibres
1. Low modulus, high elongation fibres such as acrylic, aramid, nylon, polyster, polypropylene these are approx. 0.25mm in dia. & 12mm to 50mm length, with FAR=50-100
2. High modulus, high strength fibres such as steel, carbon, glass
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Properties of FRC
1. Tensile behavior
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Cont
2. Compressive behavior-
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Cont
3. Flexural behavior In most practical applications FRC is likely to be subjected to flexural loads. There are two commonly reported strengths values associated with flexure, First crack strength & Ultimate flexural strength First crack strength- Is defined as the flexural tensile strength of the composite at a point where load- deflection curve deviates from linearity which is not influenced by incorporation of fibres.
Ultimate flexural strength is evaluated as the flexural tensile strength at the peak load carrying capacity, which is greatly influenced by the fibre type, fibre aspect ratio and fibre volume content
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Toughness
Toughness is generally accepted as the energy absorbing capacity of the material. The energy absorbed by the specimen is computed from the area under the load deflection curve
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Fatigue resistance
Experimental studies shows that for a given type of fibre there is a significant increase in Fatigue strength with increase in
fibre content.
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Applications
It can be used in both cast-in-place and precast applications where Durability and crack control are major considerations. In Tall buildings F.R.C. can be used for exterior panels, shear walls, floors that carry vehicle traffic (Parking level in tall buildings) Columns (Avoid congestion of reinforcement) Beams (Shear strength enhancement). Foundations and Footings (Shear resistance and dynamic loads). Beam column joints (Improve ductility and avoid congestion of steel)
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Material required for pre stressing is not locally available at all places.
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Paramount building, Sanfrancisco Post tensioned pre stressing No. of storey 38 Concrete grade used M55
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Thank you
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