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    Populations & Carrying Capacity

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    Jong Frias
    This document discusses key concepts about populations including: 1) Populations are defined as the number of individuals of a species in a given area and time, with characteristics like size, density, dispersion, and age distribution. 2) Populations can change over time due to factors like births, deaths, immigration and emigration, affecting characteristics. 3) Populations often exhibit logistic growth up to the carrying capacity of their environment, represented by a logistic growth model/equation.

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    Populations & Carrying Capacity

    Uploaded by

    Jong Frias
    13 views19 pages
    This document discusses key concepts about populations including: 1) Populations are defined as the number of individuals of a species in a given area and time, with characteristics like size, density, dispersion, and age distribution. 2) Populations can change over time due to factors like births, deaths, immigration and emigration, affecting characteristics. 3) Populations often exhibit logistic growth up to the carrying capacity of their environment, represented by a logistic growth model/equation.

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    population

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    Populations

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    This document discusses key concepts about populations including: 1) Populations are defined as the number of individuals of a species in a given area and time, with characteristics like size, density, dispersion, and age distribution. 2) Populations can change over time due to factors like births, deaths, immigration and emigration, affecting characteristics. 3) Populations often exhibit logistic growth up to the carrying capacity of their environment, represented by a logistic growth model/equation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    13 views19 pages

    Populations & Carrying Capacity

    Uploaded by

    Jong Frias
    This document discusses key concepts about populations including: 1) Populations are defined as the number of individuals of a species in a given area and time, with characteristics like size, density, dispersion, and age distribution. 2) Populations can change over time due to factors like births, deaths, immigration and emigration, affecting characteristics. 3) Populations often exhibit logistic growth up to the carrying capacity of their environment, represented by a logistic growth model/equation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 19

    POPULATIONS & CARRYING CAPACITY

    Populations.ppt

    Population
    Number of individuals of a species in a defined place and time.

    Populations.ppt

    Dynamic characteristics of populations


    Size, number of individuals (N) Density (N/ area) Dispersion,
    uniform, clumped, random
    appropriate scale

    Age distribution,
    proportions of young, middle-aged, old

    Populations.ppt

    Changes in populations
    growth decline May affect size, density, dispersion, age distribution. May be affected by size, density, dispersion, age distribution.

    Populations.ppt

    Changes in populations
    N = +B +I D E
    B = births (birth rate) I = immigrants (immigration rate) D = deaths (death rate) E = emigrants (emigration rate) (for many [most] natural populations I and E are minimal)

    Populations.ppt

    Population growth
    B>D Exponential growth, dN/dt = rN
    N = number, pop.size r = biotic potential, intrinsic rate of increase.

    Populations.ppt

    Population growth
    Exponential growth unlimited Unrealistic

    Populations.ppt

    Population growth
    Logistic growth, dN/dt = rN (K - N)/ K
    N = number, pop.size r = biotic potential, intrinsic rate of increase. K = carrying capacity

    Better represents real populations

    Populations.ppt

    Population growth
    Do real populations grow according to the logistic model (equation)?
    Bacteria Collared turtledove in Gr. Britain

    Populations.ppt

    Logistic model
    Logistic model works, to a point.
    Real organisms have time lags for growth, time to develop eggs, flowers, etc.
    seasonality, longevity

    Real populations may exceed carrying capacity.


    Easter Island Pribloff Reindeer Kaibab Deer

    Populations.ppt

    10

    Populations.ppt

    11

    Pribloff reindeer

    Populations.ppt

    12

    Logistic model
    Carrying capacity modeled as a constant. May be variable
    Interspecific competition Seasonal change
    resources abundant in summer, rainy season; resources scarce in winter, dry season

    Events may alter resource availability.


    storms, mild years, human intervention
    Populations.ppt 13

    Population growth, biotic potential, & life history strategy.

    Populations.ppt

    14

    Various species have various strategies for coping with a variable world.

    Populations.ppt

    15

    Natural selection
    Phenotypes preserved that maximize fitness
    Fitness = Reproductive rate X Survivorship
    to increase R may decrease S to increase S may decrease R

    Given certain quantity of energy = food


    More smaller eggs more smaller offspring
    Low S for each

    Fewer larger eggs few larger offspring


    Must increase S for each (or lower fitness)

    Populations.ppt

    16

    Life History Strategies: Two general types


    Life History trait Offspring Offspring survival Parental care Reproductive age Reprod. seasons r-strategists, Opportunistic Many, small (high r) Low Rare Early 1-few K-strategists, Equilibrium Fewer, large (low r) High Common Later Many

    Habitat
    Competitiveness Population regulation Population fluctuation

    Unstable, temporary
    Low Density independent Irruptive
    Populations.ppt

    Stable, permanent
    High Density dependent Stable near K
    17

    Life History Strategies


    Examples:
    Fly Dandelion Robin Bison Oak

    Populations.ppt

    18

    Population regulation
    Density-dependent controls
    Food shortage, predators, disease, etc. i.e. biotic components.

    Density-independent controls
    Drought, extreme temperatures, lack of light, shortage of O2, etc. i.e. abiotic components.

    Populations.ppt

    19

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