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Neurulation 2
Neurulation 2
Neurulation is the formation of the vertebrate nervous system in embryos. The notochord induces the formation of the CNS by signaling the ectoderm above it to form the thick and flat neural plate. The neural plate then folds in on itself to form the neural tube, which will then later differentiate into the spinal cord and brain.
Neurulation (contd)
Different portions of the neural tube then form by 2 different processes in different species: 1. Primary Neurulation the neural plate creases inward until the edges come into contact and then fuse. 2. Secondary Neurulation the tube forms by hollowing out of the interior of a solid precursor
24-hr Chick
Secondary Neurulation
Glial Guidance
Somatic NS
Anatomy
Sensory Neurons
Enter dorsal part of spinal cord Soma located outside of cordDorsal ganglia Form Dorsal Root of Spinal Nerve
Motor Neurons
Soma in ventral gray matter Somatic NS: Neurons run directly from SC to muscle Autonomic: 2 Neurons
Sympathetic: Ganglia near SC Parasympathetic: Ganglia near or in or near organ
For neural crest cells, migratory pathway is particularly important in cellular determination, as location (or path) controls the availability of inducing factors for particular cell fates. Making Cells The use of chimeras has been invaluable in the study of individual cell fates. What is a chimera? Cells with a different genome; e.g., chick/quail mix heterochromatin marker not found in chick. [3H] thymidine labeling has helped in the delineation of migratory pathways and development potential of neural crest cells.
Interaction: Neural crest migration/movement is rigid and occurs in a ventral (1st cells give rise to ventral structures) - todorsal order in the head. Migratory pathways are linked to neuronal fate. What is the mostly likely result of transplant experiments when early cells will switch their fate? Extrinsic cues ? Whether these come from the pathway itself or the final destination (target-derived cues) is not clear. As in the CNS, the earlier the cell is, the more pleuripotent it is (the more flexibility of fate).
Differentiation of Neurons
Within nerve tube:
Dorsal Interneurons Ventral Motor neurons
Differentiation of Neurons
Motor neurons:
Tissues they innervate depends on: Anterior-posterior location along the nerve tube When the cells were born
Axonal Pathways
Axonal Pathways
Establishing pathways and connections:
Pathway selection Target selection Address selection
Axonal Pathways
1. Pathway Selection Pathway axon takes influenced by extracellular matrix and cells encountered: signals by both paracrine and juxtacrine factors: