Derivatives of functions w(t)

(1) Let w( t ) = u ( t ) + i v( t )
be a complex - valued function of a
real variable t, where u and v are
real - valued functions of t.
 dw
Then = w′( t ) = u ′( t ) + i v′( t )
dt
provided each of the derivatives
u ′ & v′ exists at t
( 2) If z 0 is a complex constant, then
d dw
( z0 w( t ) ) = z0 .
dt dt

( 3)
dt
( )
d z 0t z0 t
e = z0 e .
4. Mean Value Theorem for derivatives
is NOT true.
Suppose that
(i) w(t) = u(t) + i v(t), a ≤ t ≤ b.
be continuous, i.e. u and v are
continuous on [ a, b]
(ii ) w ′ (t) exists in a < t < b.
Then there may NOT exist any
c in (a, b) such that
w(b) - w(a)
w ′(c) =
b−a
Example :
Let w(t) = e , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
it

⇒ w ′(t) = i e it

⇒ w ′(t) = 1 for all t ∈ [ 0,2π ]

⇒ w ′(t ) ≠ 0 for all t ∈ [ 0,2π ]
 i2π
But w(2π ) - w(0) = e −e i. 0

=0

⇒ MVT for derivative in NOT

true in the complex plane.
Sec 37 : Definite Integrals of w(t)
Let w(t) = u(t) + i v(t)
be a complex - valued function of a real
- variable t.
u(t), v(t) : real - valued functions over
a ≤ t ≤ b.
Then definite integral of w(t)
over an integral a ≤ t ≤ b is defined as
b b b
∫
a
w(t ) dt = ∫ u(t ) dt + i ∫ v(t ) dt ,
a a

where the individual integrals on the

right exist.
 b b
⇒ Re ∫ w(t ) dt = ∫ Re w(t ) dt ,
a a
b b
Im ∫ w (t ) dt = ∫ Im w(t ) dt .
a a
Example :
1
∫0 ( 1 − i t ) 2 1
( )
dt = ∫ 1 − t − 2 i t dt
0
2

1
( )
= ∫ 1 − t dt − i ∫ 2 t dt
0
2
1

2
= −i
3
Property :
Let w(t) be a complex - valued
function integrable on [ a, b]. Then

b b
∫a w(t ) dt ≤ ∫ w(t ) dt
a
Sec38 : contours
Definitions
(1) Curve : A set of points z = (x, y)
in the complex plane is said to be
a curve C if
x = x(t), y = y(t)
are continuous functions of a real
parameter t.
We write
C : x = x(t), y = y(t)
OR
C : z(t) = x(t) + i y(t).
(2) Arc :
The portion between any two
points of a curve is called an
arc of the curve, i.e.
C : x(t) + i y(t), a ≤ t ≤ b
is an arc.
For simplicity, we shall
use the single term " curve"
to denote the entire curve
as well as an arc of the curve.
(3) Differentiable Curve :
The curve C : z(t) = x(t) + i y(t)
is said to be differentiable if x ′(t)
& y′(t) exist & they are continuous
in a ≤ t ≤ b, and we write
z′(t) = x′(t) + i y′(t )
If z′(t) ≠ 0, then such a
curve (arc) is said to be
regular or smooth.
(4) Piecewise differentiable curve/ arc :
The curve C is said to be piecewise
differentiable if among its various
representations, ∃ at least one
representation, say

C : z(t) = x(t) + i y(t), a ≤ t ≤ b,

such that [ a, b] can be divided into
a finite no. of sub intervals
[a, a1 ], [a1 , a2 ],...., [an−1 , b]
and on each sub - interval
z′(t) exists.
If in addition z′(t) ≠ 0 in any of
the sub - intervals, then such a
curve C is said to be
piecewise smooth
or piecewise regular.
Jordan arc / curve or simple curve :
A curve may have points at which
it intersects or touches itself. Such a
point is called multiple point of the curve.
A curve having NO MULTIPLE
POINTS is called a simple curve,
i.e., a curve is said to be simple if
it neither touches itself nor
crosses itself,
i.e., the curve
C : z(t) = x(t) + i y(t)
is said to be simple if
z(t1 ) ≠ z(t 2 ) whenever t1 ≠ t 2 .
If the curve
C : z(t) = x(t) + i y(t), a ≤ t ≤ b
is simple except for the fact that
z(a) = z(b), then C is said to be a
simple closed curve or
a Jordan curve.
6. Length of a differentiable curve
Let c : (z) = x(t) + i y(t), a ≤ t ≤ b
be a differeniable curve (arc).
⇒ z' (t) = x ′(t) + i y′(t)
and z′(t) = ( x′(t )) + ( y′( t ) )
2 2
Then
b
L = ∫ z' (t) dt
a
is called the length of the curve C.
7. Contour :
A Contour is a piecewise smooth
arc, i.e.
an arc consisting of finite number
of smooth arcs joined end to end.
Sec 39 & 40
Contour Integral or line integral :

Let z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b
denotes a contour C extending
from a point z1 = z ( a ) to
a point z 2 = z ( b ).
Let f(z) be piecewise continuous
on C,
i.e. f(z(t)) is piecewise continuous
on a ≤ t ≤ b.
Then we define the line integral
or contour integral of f along C
as follows :

f ( z ) dz = ∫ f ( z (t ) ) z ′(t ) dt
b
∫ a
C
Properties :

(1) ∫ f ( z )dz ≤ ∫a
b
f ( z (t )) z ′(t ) dt ,
C

c : z (t ), a ≤ t ≤ b
( 2) If z 0 is a constant, then
∫ z 0 f ( z ) dz = z 0 ∫ f ( z ) dz
C C

(3) ∫ [ f ( z ) + g ( z )]dz
C

= ∫ f ( z ) dz + ∫ g ( z ) dz
C C
(4) If the contour C : z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b
in extended from z1 to z 2
then − C is extended from z 2 to z1
i.e. − C : Z = Z (−t ),−b ≤ t ≤ −a
And ∫ f ( z ) dz = − ∫ f ( z ) dz
y
−C C
C z2
-C

z1
O
x
(5) Let C = C1 U C 2 , where
C : z = z(t); a ≤ t ≤ b Y
c1
z2

c2
C1 : z = z (t ) , a ≤ t ≤ c
& C 2 : z = z (t ), c ≤ t ≤ b
Then O X

∫ f ( z ) dz = ∫ f ( z ) dz + ∫ f ( z ) dz
C C1 C2
Ex.1
Let f(z) = Re z, then evaluate

∫ f ( z ) dz , where
C
C : z (t ) = t + it , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
 b
∫
C
f ( z )d z = ∫ f ( z (t )) z (t )dt
a

= ∫ Re z ( t ) . z (t ) dt
1

0 y (1,1)

= ∫ t (1 + i ) dt
1
c
0

1+ i
= x
2
Ex.2
z +2
Let f ( z ) = &
z
iθ
C : z = 2 e , π ≤ θ ≤ 2π .
Then evaluate ∫ f ( z ) dz
C
 iθ
Soln : z = 2 e
iθ
⇒ dz = 2 e idθ
z = 2 ei θ

θ=π θ = 2π

C
∴I = ∫ f ( z ) dz
C
iθ
2π 2e + 2 iθ
=∫ iθ
.2 e . i d θ
π 2e
= 2 i∫
π
2π
(e iθ
)
+ 1 dθ
= 4 + 2πi
Ex.3
 1, y < 0
Let f(z) =
4y, y > 0
& C is the arc from z = −1 −i
to z =1 + i along the curve
3
y = x . Then evaluate

∫ f ( z ) dz.
C
 B
1+i

O
We have -1-i
A

∫ f ( z ) dz = ∫ f ( z ) dz + ∫ f ( z ) dz
C AO OB
Along AO :
3
z = x + iy = x + ix , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0
 0
∴ ∫ f ( z )dz = ∫ 1(1 + i 3 x ) dx
2
−1
A0
0
 3
3x
=  x + i 

 3  −1
= 1+ i
 3
Along OB, z = x + i x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

∫ f ( z ) dz =
1
∫
0
( 2
4 y 1 + 3 i x dx )
OB
1
(
= ∫ 4 x 1 + 3ix dx
0
3 2
)
=1+ 2 i

∴∫ f ( z ) dz = 1 + i +1 + 2 i = 2 + 3 i
C