Introduction to Java 2 Programming

Applets

Overview
Introduction to Applets
The Rules for Applets The Applet Lifecycle

Writing Applets
Creating applets Deploying applets

Examples: Interacting with the browser

Parameters Displaying status messages Showing documents

Introduction to Applets
Applets are applications that are deployed over the Internet
Designed to run inside a browser Are embedded in HTML pages Core part of Java

Not are popular as they were (or forecasted to be)

Patchy browser support Can be slow to download Macromedia Flash, etc. offer similar functionality

Introduction to Applets
But do provides a number of benefits Easy to deploy (web components) No need for installation or upgrades Provide more sophisticated functionality than a web page/form Allow for proprietary client-server protocols Re-use code from traditional applications Very secure

The Rules for Applets

An applet cannot (usually) do the following: Cannot load libraries or define native methods Cannot read or write files on the client Cannot make network connections except to the server it came from Cannot start any program on the client Cannot read certain system properties Cannot pretend to be a local application
Applet windows look different

The Rules for Applets

Ensures that an applet cannot damage the client
Otherwise opens potential for viruses, security breaches, trojan horses, etc Applets are considered to be untrusted code

Rules are enforced by a Security Manager

Installed by the JVM in the browser

The rules are known as a security policy Alternate policies can be used on request
But only if the user decides to trust the code

The Applet Lifecycle

Applets are loaded, started and managed by the browser Browser is a container that provides services to the applet
Similar to Robots in the Robocode arena

Browser drives the applet through life-cycle methods

The methods mark milestones in the applet life Instruct it to carry out some basic operations Form a contract between the browser and the applet

(Aside: this is a common pattern used in many Java frameworks in various forms)

The Applet Lifecycle

Four basic lifecycle methods
Defaults provided by java.applet.Applet

init() Initialises the applet when (re-)loaded

Perform initialisation here rather than constructor Guarantees complete environment is available (e.g. parameters)

start() Starts the applet running, after loading or user revisits page stop() Stops the applet running, when user leaves page or quits destroy() Perform final clean-up before its unloaded

The Applet Lifecycle

init()

Initialised start()

Running stop() start()

Stopped destroy()

Destroyed

Writing Applets
Writing applet involves creating a sub-class of
java.applet.Applet, or javax.swing.JApplet (recommended)

Remember, JApplet is a top-level Swing container

can add usual Swing components

Applet base class provides a number of useful methods Applets also have a context object, that provides other functionality
E.g. driving the browser, communicating with other applets

Writing Applets

Useful Methods
getParameter() get a parameter set in the web page showStatus() show a message in the status bar getImage() load an image getAudioClip(), play() play a sound file getAppletContext() get context object getAppletContext().showDocument() instruct the browser to show another webpage

Writing Applets
Tip for development/debugging:
Use the appletviewer tool for viewing and testing applets Easier to control than in a browser Avoids problems with caching of applets

ExampleA Basic Applet

Deploying Applets
Applets are embedded into web pages with the <applet> tag
Instructs the browser to display an applet in that location of the web page

The applet tag can be used to set several properties about the applet
the class to load and run as an applet height and width Location of class files (codebase)

Deploying Applets
<applet name=MyApplet code=AppletSubclass.class width=anInt height=anInt codebase=http://where.applet.lives> <param name=parameter1Name value=aValue/> <param name=parameter2Name value=anotherValue/> Your browser is not Java enabled! </applet>

Deploying Applets
<html> <body> <h1>The Basic Applet</h1> <applet code="intro2java.applet.BasicApplet.class" width="100" height="100"> </applet> </body> </html>

Writing Applets
Beware of CLASSPATH!
Applets classes are loaded from the same directory as the HTML page Unless an alternate directory is set with the codebase attribute

Examples
The Hello World Applet Interacting with the browser
1. 2. 3. 4. Getting parameters Showing a status message Showing other web pages The Calculator as an applet