WHAT IS Dispersion

Dispersion is a phenomenon related to the variation in velocity of different frequencies (wavelengths) or different modes. The velocity of different frequencies can be different due to intrinsic properties of the medium or due to dispersive nature of the bound structure like the optical fiber. Dispersion is measured in ps/km.

CAUSES OF DISPERSION
ITS DEPENDANCE OF THE PHASE VELOCITY IN A MEDIUM ON THE OPTICAL FREQUENCY OR THE PROPAGATION MODE. IT CAN BE.

CHROMATIC DISPERSION (CD)

POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION (PMD)

CHROMATIC DISPERSION

CD IS THE PHENOMENON OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS INSIDE AN OPTICAL SIGNAL TRAVELLING AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES ALONG A FIBER AND ARRIVING AT RECIEVER

DIFFERENT TIME IN THE RECEIVER.

CD EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS

EFFECTS
DECREASE OF PEAK POWER
PULSE BROADENING BIT ERRORS

SOLUTIONS
USE OF DCM (DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULE) USE OF DCF (DISPERSION COMPENSATION FIBER) WHICH HAS NEGATIVE DISPERSION COEFFICIENT,IT CAN COUNTERACT POSITIVE DISPERSION IN TRANSMISSION.

CD COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS FIBER TYPES

POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION (PMD)

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POLARIZATION MODES (VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL) OF A SIGNAL STATISTICALLY TRAVELLING AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES DUE TO FIBER IMPERFACTIONS.

PMD EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS

EFFECTS
DECREASE OF PEAK POWER
PULSE BROADENING BIT ERRORS

SOLUTIONS
CAREFUL FIBER LAYING ( NO STRESS ) USE OF NEW FIBERS WITH LOW PMD VALUES EXACT FIBER GEOMETRY

Consequences of Dispersion
Due to dispersion when the optical pulses travel along the fiber they broaden as shown in Fig. Due to broadening, slowly they start overlapping with each other. Consequently, the AC content of the signal reduces and the DC content of the signal increases. After certain distance the pulses barely remain distinguishable. If the signal propagates further the pulses lose their identity and the data is lost.

Consequences of Dispersion

Dispersation VS Wavelength

WHERE Dmat is Material Dspersation Dwg is Waveguide Dispersation

What is Dispersion Compensation

The control of the overall chromatic

dispersion of a system by adding optical elements with a suitable amount of dispersion is called Dispersion Compensation. The module used for Dispersion Compensation is called DCM

PRINCIPLE OF DCM
It uses dispersion-compensating fiber, which has negative chromatic dispersion several times larger than the positive chromatic dispersion of single-mode transmission fiber. Adding a length of dispersion compensating fiber offsets the transmission fiber's dispersion, giving low overall dispersion.

DISPERSION COMPENSATION

Types OF DCM
DCM's are usually one of two types.

DCF or Dispersion Compensating Fiber

This is simply a spool of a special type of fiber that has very large negative dispersion. Typically DCF dispersion can be in the range of -80 ps/(nmkm), so a 20 km length of DCF can compensate for the dispersion in a 100 km length of NDSF.
FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) type Here, a series of FBG's or one very long FBG is written into a tens of meter length of fiber to perform the dispersion compensation.
Both of these types of DCM's have relatively high insertion loss. A 60 km compensator may exhibit 6 dB of loss or more. Because of this, DCM's are usually co-located with EDFA's.

DCF Vs FBG
Technology

Advantage
1) Simple construction, highly reliable. 2) Provides continuous compensation over a wide range of optical wavelengths (i.e. Does not require precise laser wavelengths.)

Disadvantage
1) Usually DCF has a small core size which may make it prone to certain types of nonlinearities

DCF

FBG

1) Potentially lower insertion loss.

1) Less prone to nonlinear effects

DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULE(DCM)

DCM IN

DCM OUT

DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULE(DCM)

Types Of Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM)

Type
DCM-A DCM-B DCM-C DCM-D

Band

Application for Distance

20Km 40Km 60Km 80Km

C Band G.652 fiber C Band G.652 fiber C Band G.652 fiber C Band G.652 fiber

A DWDM LINK WITH APPROPRIATE DISPERSION COMPENSATION

17.5dB

38km

DCM-B

16.0dB

20.4dB

DCM-A
32.0km 49.4km

DCM-C

24.5dB 66km

DCM-C

24.8dB DCM

-D
67km

DCMB G652

DCM-B
G652

DCM-B
G652

DCM -D

DCM-C
G652 G652