COMMUNICATION

SPEECH: Ability to communicate complicated messages Achieved by 2 types of sensory stimulation: - auditory stimulation - visual stimulation . WRITING: Conventional visual representation of speech.

 LANGUAGE: It is a system of conventional signals used for communication by a whole community It includes: - Phonemes: system of sound units - Inflection and arrangement of words - Association of meaning with words . REDUNDANCY An utterance will provide a large complex of cues for the listener to interpret but a great deal of this information will be redundant as far as the listeners needs are concerned.

SPOKEN LANGUAGE
Younger and older generations / men and women
soft: . Locality

/sft/

/s:ft/

part /p:t/ boot /bu:t/ book /buk/

/p:rt/
/but/

. Educated and uneducated speech help /elp/ house /us/ /hus/ name /nem/ /nam/ about /but/ /but/ . Childish mispronunciations or physical defects

STYLES OF PRONUNCIATION
They depend on a series of features (phonetic adjustments which help us adapt to the situation:

TEMPO speed of delivery RHYTHM use of prominent syllables or words CONTINUITY place and length of pauses MUSCULAR TENSION articulatory precision GRADATION weaknening of structural words COMPRESSION - age: /ed/ /dv:ntd/

ELISION - /g:dn/ /g:dn/ ASSIMILATIONS that boy /tp b/

STYLES OF PRONUNCIATION
FORMAL Slow tempo, precise articulation, high frequency of accented words UNHURRIED COLLOQUIAL Clear, slow tempo, high frequency of accented words, assimilations, elisions and precise articulation. INFORMAL COLLOQUIAL It has a maximum number of assimilations, elisions and compressions, slurred articulations and a reduction of accented words.

Received pronunciation - RP
RP: it is the pronunciation used in the south of England by people educated at preparatory boarding schools and Public Schools. General RP Refined RP It reflects a class distinction. It is considered to be upper class

Regional RP It is a speech which is basically RP except for the presence of a few regional characteristics

SYSTEMS OF PRONUNCIATION
SYSTEMIC DIFFERENCE Differences in phoneme inventory. The system may have more or less oppositions. Sam Salm DISTRIBUTIONAL DIFFERENCES The phonetic context in which certain phonemes occur may be limited. red horrid RP non rhotic accent part American = rhotic

 LEXICAL DIFFERENCES The occurence or incidence of phonemes is different Boot Book One Among REALIZATIONAL DIFFERENCES The number of distinctive terms operating may be the same but the phonetic realizations of the phonemes may be different. Bet Bat

Systems other than RP

General American (GA) It lacks a few diphthongs. /r/ before consonant It has no /o/, it becomes /a:/ /a:/ changes Standard Scottish English No distinction of oppositions Tapped /r/ It lacks a few diphthongs

Beard (short vowel + /r/ Part Bottle Past

Boot Book Red Beard /bi:rd/ (rhotic)

 London English Front vowels are closer and sound similar Sat set sit Long vowels /i:/, /u:/ /o:/ become diphthongs Bed Boot Sword /ei/ becomes /ai/ Late /ou/ becomes / / Load omission of /h/ house Northern English RP /u/ and /^/ sound /^ / Could cud Australian English Drops /h/

LUNGS

VOCAL CORDS

- Vocal Cords: 2 folds of ligament and elastic tissue

which run in a horizontal position from back to front. They determine the pitch of voice.

- Glottis: space between the vocal cords

POSITION OF VOCAL CORDS

Wide apart: Normal breathing Voiceless sound
Loosely or closely together: produce voice (but not as we know it) Voiced sound

Tightly together: glottal stop

RESONATING CAVITIES
(Hollow space containing air and changes the quality of the sound)

PHARYNX ORAL CAVITY NASAL CAVITY

THE MOUTH (oral cavity)

FIX ORGANS (Passive: incapable of movement) Teeth Alveolar Ridge Hard Palate Pharyngeal wall MOVABLE ORGANS (Active: capable of movement) Lips Uvula Tongue Lower jaw Soft Palate

Tongue:

ARTICULATORS (very moveable organ)

Tip Blade opposite alveolar ridge Front opposite the hard palate Back opposite the soft palate Rim edges Dorsum upper area

Palate Alveolar ridge - Hard Palate - Soft Palate or Velum (Uvula) Lips: (can adopt different shapes. Lip position is important for the formation of vowels). When producing vowels the tip of tongue is behind the lower teeth and the back is bunched up in different ways Close together spread neutral or relaxed open rounded close rounded Teeth /f/ / i: / /e/ /o/ / u: /

English Vowels
/i:/ /e/ /:/ // /u/ // // //

/:/ /u:/ //

/:/

English Diphthongs
/a/ // /u/ // /u/ /e/ /u/ /e/

English Consonants
Voiceless
/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ // /s/ // /t/ /h/

Voiced
/b/ /d/ // /v/ // /z/ // /d/ /m/ /n/ // /r/ /l/ /j/ /w/

PHONETICS -PHONOLOGY
PHONEME: the smallest contrastive phonological unit which can produce a difference in meaning. met pet ALLOPHONE: variants of each phoneme. They depend on the position of the phoneme in a word or syllable (followed by vowel, con. or pause) light health tall

 PHONOLGY: Deals with phonemes. Studies selection and organization of phonic substance into given form. The wrong choice of a phoneme will lead to a different meaning. PHONETICS: Deals with allophones. How the phonemes are realized. The wrong choice of an allophone will lead to a foreign accent.

CARDINAL VOWELS

Cardinal Vowels

CARDINAL VOWELS

Secondary Cardinal Vowels

Cardinal Vowels Front CV: are pronounced with spread or open lips Back CV: have a varying degree of lip rounding

Secondary Cardinal Vowels They are obtained by reversing the lip position: Front: lip rounding Back: lip spreading

ENGLISH VOWELS

ENGLISH VOWELS
Tongue tends to be behind lower lip Some require raising of the front of the tongue other are articulated with hump at the back. Air must escape over middle of the tongue Oral: air escapes through the mouth Vowel description will usually be based on auditory judgements of sound relationship together with some articulatory information, especially as regards the position of the lip.

CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS
According to the height to which the tongue is raised.
Close to the palate Close-Mid (half close) Open-mid (half open) Open

. According to lip position - Rounded - Spread - Neutral According to muscular tension - Tense - Lax

According to the part of the tongue which is raised highest.

- Front vowels - Back vowels - Central vowels

According to lip position

- Rounded - Spread - Neutral

Tense / Lax Vowels

Front Vowels

Back vowels

English Diphthongs

VOWEL / i: /
Height: slightly below and behind the front close position (almost touching the palate) Part of tongue: front of tongue Lips: spread Muscular tension: tense. Side rims of tongue: firm contact against upper molars. Quality: near cardinal [ i ]

VOWEL / i: /

VOWEL / i: /
Ordinary spelling Weed Meters Season People Piece Receive Key Caesar Foetus

Leeks Even

Field Seize

VOWEL / I /
Height: just above the close-mid position. Part of tongue: nearer to the centre than to front Lips: loosely spread Muscular tension: lax Side rims of tongue: light contact with upper molars Degree of closeness and centralization varies according to accentual force Quality: that of centralized C [ e ]

VOWEL / I /

VOWEL / I /
Ordinary spelling Little Village Pretty Busy Married Captain Sovereign Biscuit Symbol

Silly Private Before Business

Building

VOWEL / i /
Final unaccented positions Short variety of /i:/

Example:

lady maybe kitty

VOWEL / e /
Height: between the close-mid and openmid positions. Part of tongue: front Lips: loosely spread Side rims of tongue: making light contact with upper molars Quality: between C [e] and C [] Position: does not occur in final, open syllables

VOWEL / e /

VOWEL / e /
Ordinary spelling Went Head Said Any Geoffrey Leicester Friend Extra Burry lead again says leopard leisure

VOWEL / /
Height: just above open Part of tongue: front Side rims of tongue: very slight contact with the back upper molars Lips: neutrally open Quality: close to C [a] Length: short but lengthened before voiced consonants Position: does not occur in final position

VOWEL / /

VOWEL / /
Ordinary spelling Cab Bag Rabbit Latter

Later

Linguistic Sciences
Phonetics Is interested in sounds (phonic substance) and how they are organized and transmitted. Linguistics Is concerned with how language is structured gramatically and semantically.

Phoneme and allophones

PHONEME: the smallest contrastive phonological unit which can produce a difference in meaning. met pet met mat ALLOPHONE: variants of each phoneme. They depend on the position of the phoneme in a word or syllable (followed by vowel, con. or pause) light health tall milk nine ninth unfortunate

PHONETICS
Phonology: Studies the selection and organization of the phonic substance into a given form or pattern. Deals with phonemes. The wrong choice of a phoneme will lead to a different meaning. Phonetics: Studies the phonic substance. Studies how the phonemes are actually realized. Deals with allophones. The wrong choice of an allophone will lead to a foreign accent.

Transcriptions
Phonemic (broad) Records only the order in which segments occur. Details such as devoicing, secondary articulation, variations of vowel length are not accounted for.. ex. su:p Allophonic (narrow) Records the actual realization of each phoneme. Details of articulation are accounted for visually.

ex. su.p

SPEECH CHAIN

Speech Chain
Activity/ Level Psychological Physiological Physical Physiological Psychological Stage linguistic articulatory acoustic perceptual linguistic Area of phonetics

articulatory acoustic auditory

VOWEL / /
Height: just above the fully open position Part of tongue: centre Side rims of tongue: no contact between the tongue and upper molars. Lips: neutrally open Quality: centralized and slightly raised C [a] Length: short vowel Position: does not occur in final, open syllables. Jaws: considerable separation

VOWEL / /

VOWEL / /
Ordinary spelling Hurry Monk Enough Flood Does

Jungle London Touch

English Vowels Position of tongue

Vowel Elision
Vowel elision: is the loss of vowels under weak accent within a word. The forms exhibiting elision are typically of rapid, colloquial speech. Cons. + // + / r / + weak vowel territory lavatory Primary accent + // or / i / + consonant murderer temperature difficult national university reasonable / r / + weak vowel + consonant barracking Dorothy

Vowel Elision
Cons. + weak vowel + / l / or /n/ (syllabic sound) paddle paddling (syllabic /l/ becomes syllable marginal) double doubling thicken Pre-primary position: // or /i/ in weak syllable + primary accent /l/or /r/ police veranda delightful Loss of syllabicity in the present participle of verbs where the // may be elided or the syllablic cons. /n/ replaced by non syllablic cons. lighten lightening lightning thicken thickening

Vowel Elision
No vowel elision Nasal + // + nasal Ex. Woman Nasal + plosive + // + nasal Ex. London Hampton

VOWEL / a: /
Lips: neutrally open Jaws: considerable separation Part of the tongue: centre and back Hight of tongue: open position Rims: no contact of the rims of the tongue and the upper molars Quality: nearer to C [ ] than to C [ a ] Length: long vowel. May be shortened when followed voiceless consonant, however this shortening is not as marked as for other long vowels. . Does not normally occur before / /

VOWEL / a: /

Vowel / a: /
Ordinary spelling Calm staff after grant class fast Part Heart Clerk sergent Aunt laugh Hurrah Calm half

VOWEL /:/
Height: between close-mid and open-mid Part of tongue: centre of the tongue Lips: neutrally spread. Length: long vowel Rims: no firm contact between the tongue and upper molars. Quality: is remote from all peripheral cardinal vowel values. The quality coincides with that of //, the difference between the two being only one of length Position: usually occurs in accented syllables, but may appear in unaccented sy.: foreword foreward

VOWEL /:/

VOWEL /:/
Ordinary spelling Her Err First Myrtle Work Journey Church Purr Earn Vowel lengh Bird fur
Serve

World (preceded by w)

first

church

VOWEL / /
Height: fully open position Part of tongue: back Side rims of tongue: no contact between the tongue and upper molars. Lips: slight open lip rounding Quality: that of an open lip-rounded C [ ] (i.e. secondary cardinal vowel ) Length: short vowel Position: does not occur in final, open syllables. Jaws: wide open jaws

VOWEL / /

VOWEL / /
Ordinary spelling Cough Want (w+ a) Knowledge Australia Bottle (o + doble cons.) From (o + final cons.) Vowel length Cod cot dot

solve

Secondary Cardinal Vowels

VOWEL / : /
Height: between open-mid and close-mid position Part of tongue: back Side rims of tongue: no contact between the tongue and upper molars. Lips: medium lip rounding Quality: between C [ ] C [ o ] Length: long vowel Position: initial (august), mid (born), final (saw) does not occur before /velar n /

VOWEL / : /

VOWEL / : /
Ordinary spelling Warm Score Short (o + r final or o + r + cons.) Authorization Daughter Yawn Course Thought More Floor Board All (a + l final) Salt (a + l + cons) George Vowel Length Saw sward sord short

English Vowels Position of tongue

VOWEL // (schwa)
Part of tongue: central vowel Side rims of tongue: no contact between the tongue and upper molars. Lips: neutral lip position Quality: that of a central vowel Length: short vowel Position: unaccented syllables. Jaws: slightly open jaws

VOWEL // (schwa)

VOWEL //
Ordinary spelling Breakfast Particular Pavement Concert Horrible Protect Effort Famous Colour Minimum Figure cupboard
attempt

VOWEL //
It is commonly used in unaccented weak forms: Examples: n n t t f: f tu: t

VOWEL / u /
Height: just above close mid position Part of the tongue: nearer the centre than to the back Muscular tension: lax Rims of tongue: no firm contact between the tongue and upper molars Lips: rounded, but there is a tendency to be unrounded Position: both accented and unaccented sy. Does not occur in word initial position nor before / / and finally only in unaccented form of to and you . Length: short Quality: Centralized C [ o ]

VOWEL / u /

VOWEL / u /
Ordinary spelling Cushion Wood Woman Could Vowel lengh Full Could

Bush Book

Pull

Wolf

VOWEL /u:/
Part of tongue: back Height: Close to palate Muscular tension: tense Lips: closely rounded Rims of tongue: no firm contact is made between the tongue and the upper molars Position: Does not occur before / / Length: Long Quality: relaxed, slightly lowered and centralized C [u].

VOWEL /u:/

VOWEL /u:/
Ordinary spelling Future Spoon Move Routine deuce New Blue Juice Shoe Vowel lengh Blue mood

boot

fooled

VOWEL /u:/

Write in phonetics
Flights Cookies Authors Talks Rushes Hopped Phoned Mended Walked Started Inches Protest Declare Repay Aimless Policeman Document Celebrate Fortunate Agreeing

Write in phonetics
Being Seeing Illusion Precision Communication Preclinical Subarea Example Excellent Except Expert React Readmit Bicentenary Music Amusing European Universal Human

Aspiration
Potatoes Tentative Conclude Recover Attitude Attempt Politics Consumers Spanish Particular Crops Carried Peculiar Includes Consideration Circumstances Appears Rapid

Linking / r /
Here or there Car of his Peter Brown Peter Avon I go there usually Im sure it does Winter evenings Idea of it Russia and China Law and order

Strong and weak forms

We know her, but she doesnt know us. He really does believe that story She said you must, not that you may go. They hate you but not us. Am I serious? Yes, I am afraid I am! Shall we call the doctor or will you. There is a man calling you. Where? Over there. Thats the tool for this work.

TRANSCRIPTION
Just two months ago my life was completely different. I had been living abroad for four months but I hadnt begun to feel at home yet. Its always hard making friends if you go somewhere new, but in another country there is the added problem of differences in language and culture. I was feeling lonely and bored and I spent all my time reading and going to the cinema. There were benefits: I read some books that Id always wanted to read and I became very knowledgeable about the films..

Characteristics of English diphthongs

Falling: 1st element is more prominent than 2nd. Decreasing prominence All english diphthongs. Closing: glide from a more open to a closer position. According to distance tongue travels Narrow: Rising: Second element is more prominent than first - /i/ and /u/ unaccented syllables happier - influence Centring: glide to a central position //

Wide: /ai/i/u/

Length: they are equivalent to a long, pure vowel Syllables: consist of only 1 syllable Position: never before cons. / /

English diphthongs

your tongue moves to:

CHART POSITIONS OF THE DIPHTHONGS:

RISING TO

RISING TO

 RISING TO

RISING TO

CENTRING

Diphthong
Glide: begins between half open and half close and moves in direction to /u/ Jaw: slight closing movement of lower jaw Lips: neutral for 1st element, 2nd element lips have a tendency to round. Starting point: tongue position similar to / : /

Diphthong

Diphthong
o - both oe toe ow pillow oa toast ou shoulder o + cons. + e vote o + cons. + y cosy

Plural/Possessive/3rd Person
Wheels Welshes Benches Fields Chicks Begs Moods Youths bruises Wreaths Doctors Shapes Stones Combs Ceases Sneezes Springs garages

Past tense - regular verbs

Hardened Leadked Farmed Coursed Shamed Grounded Depicted tripped Received Lived Served Grounded Pointed Stored Obtained Finished

Prefixes
.
Rewrite Reliable Reproval Reckon Preexistent Prevents Deputy Device Subtract Provider Prospect Pro-celebrity Excite Exist Binomial Binary

Word endigs
Fruitless Thursday Happen Cheapest Noticeable Encourage Argument Tiredness Lace Necklace Open Nature Vicious Colour Graceful Hotest

//+k/g
Incurs Think Banger Hanged Longing Longest Drinking Younger ankle Ringer Sting Hunger Length

/j/-/w/
Human Yard Beautiful View Wordly Square Upwards Humanity acquire

Elision
Favourite Opera Average Moderate Camera History Boundary Every Miserable Different Missionary Flavouring Cookery Victory Temperature Darken

Strong and weak forms

It was the pick of the bunch. What can we suggest to them for Christmas? Havent you heard from them at all? There could be a bit of rain at the end of the morning. In the evening there will be sunshine. Have you taken them from that box? Arent there some letters for her to open?

Diphthong //
Glide: begins with tongue position of close mid and centralized from front and moves in direction of a more open variety of // - when // is in final position in a word. In non final position the glide is not so extensive. Lips: neutral, with slight movement from spread to open. In unaccented syllables it is not always falling. // can be weaker of the two and becomes rising diphthong. Ex. period serious prd -srs The rising type // is often used when // represents a suffix with morphemic status. easy i:zi easier i:z carry kri carrier kr

Diphthong //
Ordinary spelling Deer Weird Fakir Material Theory medium Long and reduced here pierce

dear fierce idea museum Period

dear

serious

Diphthong /u/
Glide: begins with tongue position of close mid and centralized from back and moves in direction of a more open variety of // - when // is in final position in a word. In non final position the glide is not so extensive. More closer variety of //. Lips: weakly rounded at the beginning of the glide and neutrally spread as it progresses. In unaccented syllables this diphthong may be rising. Ex. Influence /nfluns/ In many cases it represents a realization of a final unaccented /u:/ + morpheme. ex. Rescue /reskju:/ rescuer /reskju/

Diphthong /u/
Ordinary spelling Poor Tour Fluent During sewer endure actual

Diphthong /e/
Glide: it begins in the open-mid front position and moves in direction of the more open variety of // - when it is in final position. In non final position it tends to glide to a mid // type. Lips: neutrally open.

Diphthong /e/

Diphthong /e/
Ordinary spelling Stare Stair Pair Pear Mary Heir There Long and reduced affair scarce Never before dark /l/

Narrow transcription
Mark linking /r/, dark /l/, nasalization, pre-fortis clipping, full and weak aspiration, rising diphthongs. e: tek :d t:n n rat // en stp ba t:t // ad lak j t rv:s raund t k:n // bi: jes / a s:t()nli ni:d t prkts rv:s // e: nt bd // bt j w:nt klus nf t k:b // t:n str wi:l f: t left // bi: u ke // l:st lesn a t:nd t tu: mt / nd a wz tu: klus t k:b // u d / t wz w:s // e: wi:l rt:n t rv:s let // nu drav n // t:n rat ba bg f: tri: // bi: a ni:d t l:n hau t du: n mdnsi stp // e: jes / wen wi:v gn bt f: // tek f:st t:n mand t g:l // wel dn / t wz p:fkt m:dnsi stp //

Linking /r/
I love buns with butter and honey. This is the city where I live. The fast car was far in the dark. They were aware that the barbarians could be everywhere.

Write in phonetics
These are my lead soldiers. He always takes the lead in any group. Whenever he goes fishing he comes back with a huge sole. Something is stuck on the sole of my left shoe. The boy I live with knows a good pub with live music. If we don`t hurry, it will be hard to wind in the sails in this wind. Don`t worry it`s just another family row about the holidays.

Plurals
Laughs Roses Sinks Ridges Hopes Laws Tins things angels garages rugs moths churches stops

Transcribe the following verbs in their past version

Growl Walk Raised Wash Nod Expect Answer Pack knit die permit invest work regard add listen

Transcribe the following sentences

A little girl aged four. An aged man with a weather-beaten face. She learned her lesson with no difficulty. He was a learned scholar from Cambridge The priest blessed the people at the end of the ceremony A blessed saint. She was beloved by all. He as a beloved monarch.

Strong and weak form

The woman couldnt put on her hood. Use a ruler as you do at school. You put the book as high as you could. She herself said it was a bit expensive. He and his wife have both had a lot of work. We have a friend who has an owl and a parrot. She said that that was the problem they had to solve. He is the one who made a mistake, not me. There is a book we need over there. We dont smoke but some people do. Where have you been? Ive been to the butchers

DIPHTHONG /u/ DIPHTHONG /u/

Glide: begins at a point between the back and front open position, slightly more fronted than the position for /a:/ or C[ ], and moves towards vowel /u/. Lips: change from neutrally open to a weakly rounded position. Requires extensive movement of the tongue (wide diphthong) Jaw: closing movement Long: how / loud Reduced: shout

Diphthong /e/

DIPHTHONG /u/
Ordinary spelling: House Cow Long or reduced: Shout loud Mouse owl

town mouth

DIPHTHONG /e/
Glide: begins from slightly below close-mid front position and moves towards /I/ Jaw: slightly closing movement. Quality: the starting point is somewhat closer than vowel /e/ Before dark /l/: the // is often absorbed into the // or /u/ ex. /mel/ Does not require extensive movement of the tongue. (narrow diphthong) Long: day / made Reduced: late

DIPHTHONG /e/

DIPHTHONG /e/
Ordinary spelling: Late Rain Day Eight They Long or reduced Shade chase Failed ache

Steak Face Lazy Range

hate save

DIPHTHONG / a/
Glide: begins slightly behind front open position and moves in the direction of vowel // It requires an extensive movement of the tongue. (wide diphthong) Lower jaw: closing movement. Lips: change from a neutral to a loosely spread position. Before dark /l/ the // element is often absorbed into the // or /u/ glide on to the /l/. Eg. Pile

DIPHTHONG / a/

DIPHTHONG / a/
Ordinary spelling Write Pie Aisle Dye high height dry

Long or reduced: Fly like

mile

ripe

DIPHTHONG //
Glide: begins at a point between the open-mid and open back positions and moves in direction of of vowel // Tongue movement: extends from back to centralized front. Does not require such an extensive movement of the tongue as diphthong /a/. (wide diphthong) Jaw movement: slighter than for diphthong /a/ Lips: open rounded for the first element, changing to neutral/slightly spread for the second element. Before dark /l/ the // element is often absorbed into the // or /u/ glide on to the /l/ Eg. Oil

DIPHTHONG //

DIPHTHONG //
Ordinary spelling Boil Toy Voyage

Long or reduced: Noise voice joy

boils

Classification of consonants
According to the organ that sets the airstream in motion: pulmonic non pulmonic If the air is forced outwards or sucked inwards. egressive - ingressive If the vocal cords vibrate or not. voiced - voiceless Position of the soft palate nasal - oral

Classification of consonants
According to articulators used: (place of articulation)

bilabial: /p/ /b/ /m/ labiodental: /f/ /v/ dental: // // alveolar: /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /l/ post alveolar: /r/ retroflex: / / palato alveolar: // / / /t/ /d/ palatal: /j/ velar: /k/ // // glottal: /h/

Classification of consonants
Bilabial: the two lips are the primary articulators (pressed firmly). Labiodental: lower lip articulates with the upper teeth. Dental: tip and rims of tongue articulate with upper teeth. Alveolar: tip and blade of tongue art. with alveolar ridge. Post-Alveolar: tip of tongue articulates with rear part of alveolar ridge. Retroflex: tip of tongue is curled back to articulate with the hard palate. Palato-alveolar: tip and blade of tongue art. with alveolar ridge and the front part of tongue is raised towards hard palate. Palatal: front of tongue articulates with the hard palate. Velar: back of tongue articulates with the soft palate. Glottal: an obstruction or narrowing causing friction between vocal folds.

Classification of consonants
According to type of closure: (manner of articulation)

Complete closure: Plosive: complete closure in the mouth, air pressure builds up,
sudden release.

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ // Affricate: complete closure at some point in the mouth, air
pressure builds up, separation of organs is slow, producing friction

/t/ /d/
Nasal:
complete closure at some point of the mouth, soft palate is lowered, air escapes through the mouth.

/m/ /n/ //

Classification of consonants
Intermittent closure: Rolled: rapid succession of taps made by a flexible organ on a
firmer surface

/r/ Tap (flapped):

single tap by a flexible organ on a firmer surface. The tongue taps once against the teeth ridge. (Scottish /r/)

// Partial closure: Lateral: partial closure at some part in the mouth and air escapes
on one or both sides of the tongue.

/l/

Classification of consonants
Narrowing: Fricative: two organs approximate to such an extent that
at the air passes between them and produces friction.

/f/ /v/ // // /s/ /z/ // // Narrowing without friction: Approximants: (frictionless continuant): /j/ /w/

there is narrowing in the mouth but not sufficient to produce friction.

Correct the mistakes

A: u:d m:rn // k a help j? B: jez/ pli:z/ am lu:kin fr pki hlidei smwer w temprts n:t fli: tu fri:sng pntz/ n if psibl / tp wn // A: a nk ez sm f: ju: // wi: hv wndrful turz / e klt le w ple: la n e snain // B: t`l bi: gret // A: hs bruu / w :l i: pless nd prazz//

Transcription
I won`t ever go by boat. . John Brown`s been to town. The postmans over the road. He has a bouncing hound who covers the ground by bounces. Go home and dont joke. .

TRIPHTHONGS
Technically a triphthong is a group of three vowel sounds set in one syllable and with a peak of prominence said on the central vowel. A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption. In English, they are not really triphthongs because they are set in two syllables and the middle sound is the weakest of the three.

DIPHTHONG + //
All diphthongs may be followed by // within the word, either As an inseparable port of the word hire /ha/ sour /su/ As a suffix (morpheme) appended to the root. higher /ha/ employer /mpl/ As a separable element internal in a composite form nowadays /nudez/

DIPHTHONG + //

DIPHTHONG + //
/e/ + // /a/ + // // + // /u/ + // /u/ + // ple fa l flu slu

SMOOTHING (LEVELLING)
There is a tendency to omit the second // or /u/, especially when // is not felt as a separable morpheme. fire /fa/ /fa()/ /fa:/ /fa:/ flower /flu/ /fl(u)/ /fl:/ /fl:/ There is confusion between /u/ and /a:/, resulting in homophones such as: Shaire /a/ Shower /u/ Shah /:/ /a:/ /:/ /:/ Tower /tu/ /t:/ tar /t:/

DIPHTHONG + //
ple ple ple: fa fa fa: mpl mpl flu fl fl: slu sl sl: mu m: It may occur accross word boundaries: They are - /e :/- /e / - /e() / - /e/ There are - /e :/- /e / - /e() / - /e/ Boy and girl - b() g:l /e/ + // /a/ + // // + // /u/ + // /u/ + //

TRANSCRIPTION
Despite the fact that my grandmother is ninetytwo years old, she is still very active and full of life. Actually she behaves as if she were thirty years younger than she is. She works eight hours every day around the house, and she goes shopping by herself. When shes not busy cooking and cleaning she likes spending her time reading, knitting and doing crosswords. Her memory is as good today as it ever was and her sence of humour seems to get better the older she gets.

Correct the transcription

e = mai sstr z kmg tu: si: mi: tmru // a wnd wtz n // bi:= lu:k n i: nju:spep // n i sekn k:ld enttenments // e = u / jes // lu:k / t plers t // es kmedi / w mnd m:rgn / nd makel len // bi: = av h:d f mnd m:rgn / bt huz makel len? e = hi: wz n t telvn si:rs but e hsptl // hi: pled dkt hu: cem frm knd //

Correct the transcription

bi: = u jes / a rmembr // tmru z gu:d nat t gu tu: i: t // n mndes / ju: kn get tu: si:ts f: pras v wn // e = ts gu:d // juuli / wen a gu tu: t / a st t bk / ts nt z kmftbl / bt ts ti:p / bt tmru wi: k f:d bet si:ts / t i frnt //

Homographs
(group of words that share the same spelling but have different meanings and
different pronunciation )

Give two different pronunciations for each word Lead Live Minute Polish Read Row Use Wind Wound Bow Nice Tear Sow Put(t)

Vowel // or //
All the words have // or //, decide which is the correct sound. Monday Tonight Human Become Sugar afraid enough recover trouble important

Homophones
(word that is pronounced the same as another but differs in meaning and spelling)

Give two different spellings for the following pronunciations: ti: ha nat ru: si: hm nu wt sm w: ri:d b:d wi:k e

Homophones
Transcribe and list the following words into groups of homophones.
Pore Seen Won None saw nun oar ore course one scene soar or paw coarse

Relation letter-sound
Give the different pronunciations of the spelling ea in: Team guinea leather Sean great idea Wearing Give the pronunciation of the vowel sound in: Truth boot clue soup flew juice shoe tomb

Give the pronunciation of the spelling ough in: tough thought thorough cough though hiccough

Through Plough

Strong and weak forms

You should have seen her! What is that for, for goodness sake? There were some fifty people there. If I had known he was going to be laughed at, I would have stopped it. She said she couldnt show it to him because it was for his birthday. She told me that the baby had had its supper, not him.

Classification of vowels
According to the classification of vowels, circle the odd word out in each group and give the reason why.

Hand Dock Cheese Son Heart

wolf move pretty world group

bath match does car leaf

sorry board stock soup juice

NARROW TRANSCRIPTION
Write the following words in phonetics and indicate: nasalization, pre-fortis clipping, smoothing (levelling), full aspiration, weak aspiration, vowel elision. Meetings History Quiet Particular Ship Badness Allowed mint dreadful resist resists expenses moment available

VOWEL AND DIPHTHONG DIAGRAM

On the diagram below indicate the vowels and glides for the diphthongs in the following words. Spy rent saint choice Hall laugh fewer rare

Homographs
Give two different pronunciations for each word. Close Invalid bathed drawer buffet

Homophones: match and transcribe the following list of words into groups of homophones
Blew Sought Q Sight Y Steak Knight Weight Neigh Yolk there Wait Stake Nay Sort Night Yoke Why Cite Their Blue Queue

Transcription
The yearly report of the Blue Cross the charity that run animal hopitals reported 9% increase in the number of animals treated at its four centres. Many pet owners cannot afford their vets bill and are now going to the charity. One of the main reasons for the increase in bills is a new European Community law which has doubled the cost of veterinary medicines. Vetscosts are going up, and like all small businesses they have to keep up with the times if an animal has to have an expensive treatment then people have to pay for it.

GRADATION
Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs
And As But From Of Or Than That To There A An The At Off On Up nd z bt frm v : n t (demonstrative) tu: e (adv. Of place) e n i: + or i: i + vowel except or i: + consonant t f n p nd - n - n z bt frm - frm v - n t t + cons. / n

tu + vowel

t -------

GRADATION
Relative, personal, possessive and objective pronouns
Who Whom Whose Me You Your He His Him She Her We Us Them Their hu: hu:m hu:z mi: ju: ju - j: hi: hz hm i: h: wi: s em hu hum huz mi ju + vowel / j + cons. j hi - i z m i h / wi s m

Rules for strong form

When the word is used as a noun. And means . When contrasted
I didnt say and I said but.

Before a pause What are you looking at? Pronoun in a compound subject He and his wife painted the house

Rules for strong form

When an auxiliary is contracted on to the pronoun. He`d like to go to Europe this summer Inversion of subject and verb. Yes, said he. When the pronoun is followed by an emphasizer He himself did it. Preposition + pronoun
Look at me

Rules for strong form

There Introductory there is usually in weak form.
Theres a book on the shelf There are some flowers in the garden. There will be no classes tomorrow.

When used as an adverb it is said with the strong form. Leave it over there! There you are, I have been looking for you.

GRADATION
Anomalous Finites Must Can Could Be Being Been Am Are Is Was Were Where mst (supposition) kn kud bi: bi: bi:n m : z wz w: we mst (obligation) kn - kn - k kd - kd bi b bn m - m z-s wz w ---

GRADATION (Anomalous Finites)

Have Has Had Do Does Shall Will Should Would hv (main verb) hv - v - v * (auxiliary) hz (obligation) hz - z - z - s **(auxiliary) hd (obligation) hd - d - d * (auxiliary) du: (perform activity) du - d - d take cause of action) dz dz l l - l wl l ud d - d wud wd d

* used after I, we, you, they and generallly after vowel sounds ** used after vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Not used after a pause *** Never used after a pause. After l it becomes l. Paul will

Rules for use of strong form

When used as a noun Must means obligation When contrasted I didnt say can I said must Before a meaningful pause She was, suprisingly enough, the best student. When the AFinite stands for the whole sentence Can we meet? Yes we can. In yes/no questions, the A.F. can be either strong or weak. Do you like eating chocolate? Yes I do.

Rules for use of strong form

In wh questions either the weak or strong form can be used. Generally when we use the strong it means annoyance on the part of the speaker. What are you doing? When the AF is contracted on to the negative adverb. She shouldnt drive so fast. She wasnt paying attention Affirmative sentences for the sake of emphasis.
Yes I do know what I have to do.

Rules for use of strong form

Must when must is used with the sense of forming a conclusion or deduction it is used in the strong form. She left at 8 oclock, she must have arrived When must means obligation it is used in the weak form. You must try harder When must is used before a consonant we may drop the t You must speak clearly When must is used before a vowel you write the final t He must eat more. In final position we always use the strong form. Must I go. Yes, you must.

Rules for use of strong form

Some When some expresses indefinite number or quantity we use weak form. There are some children in the park When some expresses contrast we use strong form. Some people like it, others dont. We use strong form when some indicates a restricted group. I like some animals not all. We use strong form when it is used as a pronoun or as part of a compound. Sometimes somewhat somewhere somehow

Prefix
Ante / Ad / / En / / Hyper / Hypo / Im / / Inter / Intra / Semi / Sub / / Trans / Un / / Under / / anteroom . Antecedent . Antechamber .. antefix .. admit .... advertisement ..... enlighten .......................... entangle ....................................... / hyperactive ...................... hypersonic .................................... / hypodermic .................... . hypothermia ................................. impossible ...................... influence ....................................... / interact ............................ interfere ........................................ / intravenous ............................. / semicircle ......................... semiconscious .............................. submarine ........................ subtropical .................................... / transatlantic ...................... transport ........................................ unreal ............................... unhappy ......................................... Unacceptable .............................. / underarm .......................... underdeveloped ................................

Prefix
De Delimit - devil - decide - depart - dessert - despair - denigrate - detach / / / / ............................................... .............................................. ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ................................................ ............................................... ...............................................

Pre Premature - predict - premonition - precedent - precancel - preceed present Premarital - predictable prematurily predicate premix presence Preserve
/ / .............................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... / / ................................. .................................. ................................... ................................... .................................... / / ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................................

Prefix
Pro Protest protestant profitable pro life produce proclaim promissory - Progressive project promotion pro work / / / / / / .................................. .................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ................................... Re Repaint receive recommend relay recount redemand rebel record Recall refill rectify refugee recurrent regular / / / / / / .................................. ................................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ...................................

Prefix

Bi Bilingual bisect biblical bimester billiard billion bicurcate bipolar Bigamy bitter / / / / ................................................ .............................................. ................................................ ............................................... ................................................ ............................................... ................................................. ................................................ ................................................. ............................................... Tri Triangle - tribune triaxial trimotor / / / / ................................................ .............................................. ................................................ ............................................... ................................................ ...............................................
Ex Exit expand exasperate exclude exalt exibition exercise executive -Execute expectation export external exotic / / / / / / .................................. ................................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ...................................

Word endings
- ate to associate .............................. The associate .............................. considerate ........................ - able: abominable ................................. enjoyable ........................... - age: average ...................................... - ible: responsible ................................. - day: day ............................................ Sunday: ................................ - est: coldest ....................................... - et: - ful: adj. Dreadful ............................. Noun: handful ............................ -land: Awkland ................................... - less: aimless .................................. powerless ............................. - man: man ....................................... policeman ..............................

Word endings
- ment: noun: equipment ......................................... Verb: to complement .................................... To implement ...................................... - ness: bitterness ....................................................... - sion: vision .............................................................. television ........................................................ - tion: communication ................................................ - some: some ........................................................... handsome ...................................................

Past tenses, plurals, possessives and third person

/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ // /s/ // /t/ /h/ stop rest look laugh bath miss wash watch cup carpet book cough moth place wish church /b/ /d/ // /v/ // /z/ // /d/
/m/ /n/ // /r/ /l/ /j/ /w/

rob end jog live bathe buzz

judge name turn sing fill

cub diamond dog love prize

hedge gum gun ring girl