ROBERT GAGNES NINE EVENTS OF INSTRUCTION

Presenter: Noorhazilawati bt Abdul Hadi (1023624) Feruza Emi bt Abd Malek (1022514)

About Robert Mills Gagne

was an American educational psychologist best known for his "Conditions of Learning. was born in 1916 in North Andover, Massachusetts. In 1949, he became the research director for the perceptual and motor skills laboratory of the United States Air Force and studied military training problems.

 also served as a consultant to the United States Department of Defense. during this time that he began to develop ideas known as the "conditions of learning". believed that effective instruction should reach beyond traditional learning theories. wrote several books about his learning theory, of which the most well known is The Conditions of Learning (Gagn, 1965)

Background on Gagn's Conditions of Learning Theory

Developed by Robert M. Gagn (19162002) and described in his book Conditions of Learning, the theory includes the Gagn Assumption, the idea that different types of learning exist, and each requires a different type of instruction or instructional condition to promote the various desired learning outcomes.

Gagn identified five types of learning, with each requiring a different type of instruction:

Signal learning Problem solving

Stimulusresponse learning

Rule learning

8 Conditions of Learning

Chaining

Concept learning
Discrimination learning

Verbal association

Signal Learning
the learner makes a general response to a signal

Stimulus-response Learning
the learner makes a precise response to a signal

Chaining
the connection of a set of individual stimulus and responses in a sequence

Verbal association

the learner makes associations using verbal connection

Discrimination learning

Concept learning
the learner develops the ability to make a generalized response based on a class of stimuli

Rule learning

a rule is a chain of concepts linked to a demonstrated behaviour

Problem solving
the learner discovers a combination of previously learned rules and applies them to solve a novel situation

An Overview of Gagnes Nine Events of Instruction

A method for organizing instructional strategies within the lesson designed by Professor of Instructional Design, R.M. Gagne. do not produce or guarantee learning but instead support the internal process of the student within the learning environment.

Gain attention
(stimuli activate receptors)
Functions to obtain the students attention so that they will watch and listen, while the instructor presents the learning content. Application: Utilize ice breaker activities, current news

and events, brainstorming, case studies, YouTube videos, and so on. The object is to quickly grab student attention and interest in the topic.

Inform learners of objectives

(creates level of expectation for learning)
Allows the students to organize their thoughts and around what they are about to see, hear, and/or do. Application: - Include learning objectives in lecture slides, the syllabus, and in instructions for activities, projects, papers, and so on.

Stimulate recall of prior learning

(retrieval and activation of short-term memory)
Allows the students to build on their previous knowledge or skills. The goal is assisting students to build upon a framework of prior knowledge Application: - Recall events from previous lecture, integrate results of activities into the current topic, relate previous information to the current topic.

Present the material/content

(selective perception of content)
Chunk the information to avoid memory overload. Blend the information to aid in information recall. This allows learners to receive feedback on individualized tasks Application: - Utilize a variety of methods including lecture, readings, activities, projects, multimedia, and others.

Provide guidance for learning

instructions on how to learn. This is normally simpler and easier than the subject matter or content. The rate of learning increases because learners are less likely to lose time or become frustrated by basing performance on incorrect facts or poorly understood concepts. Application: Include detailed information such as rubrics in projects. Provide expectations, instructions, and timelines.

Elicit performance (practice)

Allows students to apply knowledge and skills learned. Application: - Allow students to apply knowledge in

group or individual projects and activities, written assignments, lab practicals, and so on.

Provide feedback
(reinforcement and assessment of correct performance)
Show correctness of the learner's response, analyze learner's behaviour. Application: -This can be a test, quiz, or verbal comments.

The feedback needs to be specific, not, "you are doing a good job. - Tell them "why" they are doing a good job or provide specific guidance.

Assess performance
Allows students to see content areas that they have not mastered. Test to determine if the lesson has been learned. Can also give general progress information Application: -Utilize a variety of assessment methods including exams/quizzes, written assignments, projects, and so on. Utilize rubrics when grading activities that are not standard exam and quiz questions.

Enhancing retention and transfer to other contexts

Allows the student to apply information to personal contexts. Increases retention by personalizing information. Inform the learner about similar problem situations, provide additional practice, put the learner in a transfer situation, review the lesson. Application: - Provide opportunities for students to relate the work to their personal experiences such as in how essays and projects are structured.

Conclusion
Had critics who charge that his nine instructional events are outdated and overly general, lead to boring instruction, are too behaviorist in nature, and are lacking in scientific support. Many educators, though, do recognize some value in considering and thinking through the steps and incorporatingand adaptingthem as appropriate to their circumstances.

 We may wish to consider these nine elements to determine how we might apply them in our class/ courses to enhance the educational environment and support student growth and achievement.

Questions
1. Give the definitions of the Gagnes Nine Events of Instruction. 2. What is the most well known book wrote by Robert Gagne? 3. Name five types of learning identified by Gagne. 4. Name at least four conditions of learning identified by Gagne.

Thank You..