Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Backcrossing Breeding
Backcrossing Breeding
Backcrossing Breeding
History of Backcrossing
Harlan and Pope, 1922 Smooth vs. rough awn Decided to backcross smooth awn After 1 BC, progeny resembled Manchuria
Terminology
Recurrent parent (RP) - parent you are transferring trait to Donor or nonrecurrent parent (DP) source of desirable trait Progeny test - when trait is recessive
Importance of cytoplasm
For certain traits (e.g. male sterility) it is important that a certain cytoplasm be retained In wheat, to convert a line to a male sterile version the first cross should be made as follows: Triticum timopheevi (male sterile) x male fertile wheat line. From that point on, the recurrent parent should always be used as the male.
Linkage Drag
Backcrossing provides opportunity for recombination between the favorable gene(s) from the RP and the unfavorable genes that may be linked Recombination fraction has a profound impact: with c=0.5, P(undesirable gene will be eliminated) with 5 BC is 0.98 with c=0.02, P(undesirable gene will be eliminated) with 5 BC is 0.11
Other Considerations
Marker assisted backcrossing Assume that you have a saturated genetic map Make cross and backcross To hasten the backcrossing process, select against the donor genotype (except for the marker(s) linked to the gene of interest) in backcross progeny
Marker-Assisted Backcrossing
May improve efficiency in three ways:
1) If phenotyping is difficult
2) Markers can be used to select against the donor parent in the region outside the target 3) Markers can be used to select rare progeny that result from recombinations near the target gene
Model
Two alleles at marker locus M1 and M2 Two alleles at target gene, Q1 and Q2
M1 M2
Q1
Q2
Q2 is the target allele we want to backcross into recurrent parent, which has Q1 to begin with.
Frequency
1/2(1-r)
M1
M2
Q2 1/2( r )
Q1 1/2( r )
M2
Q2
1/2(1-r)
Frequency
1/2(1-r) 1/2( r ) 1/2( r ) 1/2(1-r)
Recombination
P(Q1Q1|M1M2)=r Assume r=10% Select one plant based on marker genotype alone, 10% chance of losing target gene Probability of not losing gene=(1-r) For t generations, P=1-( 1-r )t For 5 BC generations, probability of losing the target gene is P=1-(.9)5=0.41
Flanking Markers
Best
way to avoid losing the target gene is to have marker loci flanking it MA1 MA2 rA Q1 Q1 rB MB1 MB2
BC1F1 genotype frequencies using marker loci Flanking the target gene
Genotype Frequency MA1MA1Q1Q1MB1MB1 1/2(1-rA)(1-rB) MA1MA1Q1Q2MB1MB1 1/2rArB MA1MA2Q1Q1MB1MB1 1/2rA(1-rB) MA1MA1Q1Q2MB1MB1 1/2(1-rA)rB MA1MA1Q1Q1MB1MB2 1/2(1-rA)rB MA1MA1Q1Q2MB1MB2 1/2rA(1-rB)
Flanking Markers Probabilityof losing the target gene after selecting On flanking markers:
P(MA1MA2Q1Q1MB1MB2|MA1MA2MB1MB2)
Example: If the flanking markers have 10% recombination Frequency with the target gene:, the probability of losing The gene after 1 generation is P=0.024. The probability Of losing the gene after 5 generations is P=0.1182
Other Considerations
Backcross breeding is viewed as a conservative approach The goal is to improve an existing cultivar Meanwhile, the competition moves past
Backcross Populations
May be used as breeding populations instead of F2, for example Studies have shown that the variance in a backcross population can exceed that of an F2 Many breeders use 3-way crosses, which are similar to backcrosses