Petri Nets Refesher: Prof - Dr.ir. Wil Van Der Aalst

Petri nets refesher
Prof.dr.ir. Wil van der Aalst

Eindhoven University of Technology, Faculty of Technology Management, Department of Information and Technology, P.O.Box 513, NL-5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
/faculteit technologie management

PN-1
Petri nets
Classical Petri nets: The basic model


PN-2
Process modeling
Emphasis on dynamic behavior rather than structuring the state space Transition system is too low level We start with the classical Petri net Then we extend it with:
Color Time Hierarchy

PN-3
Classical Petri net

Simple process model
Just three elements: places, transitions and arcs. Graphical and mathematical description. Formal semantics and allows for analysis.
History:
Carl Adam Petri (1962, PhD thesis) In sixties and seventies focus mainly on theory. Since eighties also focus on tools and applications (cf. CPN work by Kurt Jensen). Hidden in many diagramming techniques and systems.
PN-4
p4 place
Elements
(name) place
t34 p3
t43
transition
t23 p2
t32
(name)
transition
token
arc (directed connection)

t12 t21 p1
token
t01 p0
t10

PN-5
free
Rules
wait enter before make_picture after leave gone
occupied
Connections are directed. No connections between two places or two transitions. Places may hold zero or more tokens. First, we consider the case of at most one arc between two nodes.
PN-6
Enabled
A transition is enabled if each of its input places contains at least one token.
free
wait
enter
before
make_picture
after
leave
gone
occupied
enabled
Not enabled
Not enabled
PN-7
Firing
An enabled transition can fire (i.e., it occurs). When it fires it consumes a token from each input place and produces a token for each output place. free
fired
wait enter before make_picture after leave gone
occupied

PN-8
Play Token Game

In the new state, make_picture is enabled. It will fire, etc.
free
wait
enter
before
make_picture
after
leave
gone
occupied

PN-9
Remarks
Firing is atomic. Multiple transitions may be enabled, but only one fires at a time, i.e., we assume interleaving semantics (cf. diamond rule). The number of tokens may vary if there are transitions for which the number of input places is not equal to the number of output places. The network is static. The state is represented by the distribution of tokens over places (also referred to as marking).
PN-10
Non-determinism
t34
p4
p4
t43 p3
t34 p3
t43
t23 p2
t32 transition t23 fires
t23 p2
t32
t12 p1
t21
t12 p1
t21
Two transitions are enabled but only one can fire

t01 p0
t10
t01 p0
t10
PN-11
Example: Single traffic light
rg
green
red
go
orange
or
PN-12
Two traffic lights

rg rg
rg
green
green green
red
go
red
go
OR
orange
red
go
orange
or
or
orange
or
PN-13
Problem

PN-14
Solution
rg1 rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
How to make them alternate?

or1
o1
o2
or2
PN-15
Playing the Token Game on the Internet

Applet to build your own Petri nets and execute them: http://www.tm.tue.nl/it/staff/wvdaalst/Downloads/ pn_applet/pn_applet.html FLASH animations: http://www.tm.tue.nl/it/staff/wvdaalst/courses/pm /flash/

PN-16
Exercise: Train system (1)

Consider a circular railroad system with 4 (oneway) tracks (1,2,3,4) and 2 trains (A,B). No two trains should be at the same track at the same time and we do not care about the identities of the two trains.

PN-17

Consider a railroad system with 4 tracks (1,2,3,4) and 2 trains (A,B). No two trains should be at the same track at the same time and we want to distinguish the two trains.

PN-18

Consider a railroad system with 4 tracks (1,2,3,4) and 2 trains (A,B). No two trains should be at the same track at the same time. Moreover the next track should also be free to allow for a safe distance. (We do not care about train identities.)

PN-19

Consider a railroad system with 4 tracks (1,2,3,4) and 2 trains. Tracks are free, busy or claimed. Trains need to claim the next track before entering.

PN-20
WARNING
It is not sufficient to understand the (process) models. You have to be able to design them yourself !
PN-21
Multiple arcs connecting two nodes

The number of arcs between an input place and a transition determines the number of tokens required to be enabled. The number of arcs determines the number of tokens to be consumed/produced.
free
wait
enter
before
make_picture
after
leave
gone

PN-22
Example: Ball game

red rb black
rr
bb

PN-23
Exercise: Manufacturing a chair

Model the manufacturing of a chair from its components: 2 front legs, 2 back legs, 3 cross bars, 1 seat frame, and 1 seat cushion as a Petri net. Select some sensible assembly order. Reverse logistics?
PN-24
Exercise: Burning alcohol.

Model C2H5OH + 3 * O2 => 2 * CO2 + 3 * H2O Assume that there are two steps: first each molecule is disassembled into its atoms and then these atoms are assembled into other molecules.

PN-25
Exercise: Manufacturing a car

Model the production process shown in the BillOf-Materials.
car
subassembly2
engine 2 chair subassembly1 4 chassis
PN-26
wheel
Formal definition
A classical Petri net is a four-tuple (P,T,I,O) where: P is a finite set of places, T is a finite set of transitions, I : P x T -> N is the input function, and O : T x P -> N is the output function. Any diagram can be mapped onto such a four tuple and vice versa.
PN-27
Formal definition (2)

The state (marking) of a Petri net (P,T,I,O) is defined as follows: s: P-> N, i.e., a function mapping the set of places onto {0,1,2, }.

PN-28
Exercise: Map onto (P,T,I,O) and S

red rb black
rr
bb

PN-29
Exercise: Draw diagram

Petri net (P,T,I,O): P = {a,b,c,d} T = {e,f} I(a,e)=1, I(b,e)=2, I(c,e)=0, I(d,e)=0, I(a,f)=0, I(b,f)=0, I(c,f)=1, I(d,f)=0. O(e,a)=0, O(e,b)=0, O(e,c)=1, O(e,d)=0, O(f,a)=0, O(f,b)=2, O(f,c)=0, O(f,d)=3. State s: s(a)=1, s(b)=2, s(c)=0, s(d) = 0.
PN-30
Enabling formalized
Transition t is enabled in state s1 if and only if:

PN-31
Firing formalized
If transition t is enabled in state s1, it can fire and the resulting state is s2 :

PN-32
Mapping Petri nets onto transition systems

A Petri net (P,T,I,O) defines the following transition system (S,TR):

PN-33
Reachability graph
The reachability graph of a Petri net is the part of the transition system reachable from the initial state in graph-like notation. The reachability graph can be calculated as follows:
1. Let X be the set containing just the initial state and let Y be the empty set. 2. Take an element x of X and add this to Y. Calculate all states reachable for x by firing some enabled transition. Each successor state that is not in Y is added to X. 3. If X is empty stop, otherwise goto 2.
PN-34
Example
red rb black
(3,2)
(3,1)
(3,0)
(1,3)
rr bb
(1,2)
(1,1)
(1,0)
Nodes in the reachability graph can be represented by a vector (3,2) or as 3 red + 2 black. The latter is useful for sparse states (i.e., few places are marked).
PN-35
Exercise: Give the reachability graph using both notations

rg1 rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
o1
o2
or1
or2

PN-36
Different types of states

Initial state: Initial distribution of tokens. Reachable state: Reachable from initial state. Final state (also referred to as dead states): No transition is enabled. Home state (also referred to as home marking): It is always possible to return (i.e., it is reachable from any reachable state). How to recognize these states in the reachability graph?
PN-37
Exercise: Producers and consumers

Model a process with one producer and one consumer, both are either busy or free and alternate between these two states. After every production cycle the producer puts a product in a buffer. The consumer consumes one product from this buffer per cycle. Give the reachability graph and indicate the final states. How to model 4 producers and 3 consumers connected through a single buffer? How to limit the size of the buffer to 4?
PN-38
Exercise: Two switches

Consider a room with two switches and one light. The light is on or off. The switches are in state up or down. At any time any of the switches can be used to turn the light on or off. Model this as a Petri net. Give the reachability graph.

PN-39
Modeling
Place: passive element Transition: active element Arc: causal relation Token: elements subject to change
The state (space) of a process/system is modeled by places and tokens and state transitions are modeled by transitions (cf. transition systems).
PN-40
Role of a token
Tokens can play the following roles: a physical object, for example a product, a part, a drug, a person; an information object, for example a message, a signal, a report; a collection of objects, for example a truck with products, a warehouse with parts, or an address file; an indicator of a state, for example the indicator of the state in which a process is, or the state of an object; an indicator of a condition: the presence of a token indicates whether a certain condition is fulfilled.
PN-41
Role of a place
a type of communication medium, like a telephone line, a middleman, or a communication network; a buffer: for example, a depot, a queue or a post bin; a geographical location, like a place in a warehouse, office or hospital; a possible state or state condition: for example, the floor where an elevator is, or the condition that a specialist is available.
PN-42
Role of a transition
an event: for example, starting an operation, the death of a patient, a change seasons or the switching of a traffic light from red to green; a transformation of an object, like adapting a product, updating a database, or updating a document; a transport of an object: for example, transporting goods, or sending a file.

PN-43
Typical network structures

Causality Parallelism (AND-split - AND-join) Choice (XOR-split XOR-join) Iteration (XOR-join - XOR-split) Capacity constraints
Feedback loop Mutual exclusion Alternating

PN-44
Causality

PN-45
Parallelism

PN-46
Parallelism: AND-split

PN-47
Parallelism: AND-join

PN-48
Choice: XOR-split

PN-49
Choice: XOR-join

PN-50
Iteration: 1 or more times
XOR-join before XOR-split

PN-51
Iteration: 0 or more times
XOR-join before XOR-split

PN-52
Capacity constraints: feedback loop
AND-join before AND-split

PN-53
Capacity constraints: mutual exclusion

PN-54
Capacity constraints: alternating

PN-55
We have seen most patterns, e.g.:

Example of mutual exclusion
rg1 rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
How to make them alternate?

or1
o1
o2
or2
PN-56
Exercise: Manufacturing a car (2)

Model the production process shown in the Bill-Of-Materials with car resources. Each assembly step engine requires a dedicated machine and an operator. There are two operators subassembly1 and one machine of each type. 4 Hint: model both the wheel start and completion of an assembly step.
PN-57
subassembly2
2 chair
chassis
Modeling problem (1): Zero testing

Transition t should fire if place p is empty.
p
PN-58
Solution
Only works if place is N-bounded
N input and output arcs
t p
Initially there are N tokens
p
PN-59
Modeling problem (2): Priority

Transition t1 has priority over t2
t1
?
t2
Hint: similar to Zero testing!

PN-60
A bit of theory
Extensions have been proposed to tackle these problems, e.g., inhibitor arcs. These extensions extend the modeling power (Turing completeness*). Without such an extension not Turing complete. Still certain questions are difficult/expensive to answer or even undecidable (e.g., equivalence of two nets).
* Turing completeness corresponds to the ability to execute any computation.
PN-61
Exercise: Witness statements

As part of the process of handling insurance claims there is the handling of witness statements. There may be 0-10 witnesses per claim. After an initialization step (one per claim), each of the witnesses is registered, contacted, and informed (i.e., 0-10 per claim in parallel). Only after all witness statements have been processed a report is made (one per claim). Model this in terms of a Petri net.
PN-62
Exercise: Dining philosophers

5 philosophers sharing 5 chopsticks: chopsticks are located in-between philosophers A philosopher is either in state eating or thinking and needs two chopsticks to eat. Model as a Petri net.

PN-63
High level Petri nets

Extending classical Petri nets with color, time and hierarchy (informal introduction)

PN-64
Limitations of classical Petri nets

Inability to test for zero tokens in a place. Models tend to become large. Models cannot reflect temporal aspects No support for structuring large models, cf. topdown and bottom-up design

PN-65
Inability to test for zero tokens in a place
p
Tricks only work if p is bounded
PN-66
Models tend to become (too) large

r1 r2 r3 r4 r5
incr1
incr2
incr3
incr4
incr5
bike
wheel
bell
steering wheel
frame
decr1
decr2
decr3
decr4
decr5
l1
l2
l3
l4
l5
Size linear in the number of products.

PN-67
Models tend to become (too) large (2)

b1 transfer c1 claim_track f1 f2 f3 f4 transfer c2 b2 transfer c3 b3 transfer c4 b4
claim_track
claim_track
claim_track
Size linear in the number of tracks.

PN-68
Models cannot reflect temporal aspects

rg1 rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
Duration of each phase is highly relevant.

or1
o1
o2
or2
PN-69
No support for structuring large models

rg1 rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
o1
o2
or1
or2
PN-70
High-level Petri nets

To tackle the problems identified. Petri nets extended with:
Color (i.e., data) Time Hierarchy
For the time being be do not choose a concrete language but focus on the main concepts. Later we focus on a concrete language: CPN. These concepts are supported by many variants of CPN including ExSpect, CPN AMI, etc.
PN-71
Running example: Making punch cards

free
free desk employees

done
wait start stop
busy
waiting patients
patient/ employees
served patients
PN-72
Extension with color (1)

Tokens have a color (i.e., a data value)
{Brand="BMW", RegistrationNo="GD-XW-11", Year=1993, Colour="blue", Owner= "Inge"}
{Brand="Lada", RegistrationNo="PH-14-PX", Year=1986, Color="grey", Owner="Inge"}

PN-73

Places are typed (also referred to as color set).
record Brand:string * RegistrationNo:string * Year:int * Color:string * Owner:string
{Brand="BMW", RegistrationNo="GD-XW-11", Year=1993, Colour="blue", Owner= "Inge"}
{Brand="Lada", RegistrationNo="PH-14-PX", Year=1986, Color="grey", Owner="Inge"}

PN-74

The relation between production and consumption needs to be specified, i.e., the value of a produced token needs to be related to the values of consumed tokens.
3 in 2 3 1 add sum 0
The value of the token produced for place sum is the sum of the values of the consumed tokens.
PN-75
Running example: Tokens are colored

{EmpNo=641112, Experience=7}
wait start free stop
done
busy {Name="Klaas", Address="Plein 10", DateOfBirth="13-Dec-1962", Gender="M"}

PN-76
Running example: Places are typed

record EmpNo:int * Experience:int
wait start free stop done
record Name:string * record Name:string * Address:string * Address:string * busy DateOfBirth:str * record Name:string * DateOfBirth:str * Gender:string Address:string * Gender:string DateOfBirth:str * Gender:string * EmpNo:int * /faculteit technologie management Experience:int
PN-77
Running example: Initial state

done
start is enabled
PN-78
Running example: Transition start fired

New value is created by simply merging the two records.
done
busy
{Name="Klaas", Address="Plein 10", DateOfBirth="13-Dec-1962", Gender="M", EmpNo=641112, Experience=7}
stop is enabled
PN-79
Running example: Transition stop fired

done
New values are created by simply spliting the record into two parts.
PN-80
The number of tokens produced is no longer fixed (1)

{sample_number=931101011, measurement_outcomes="XYV"}
positive
test sample
negative
{sample_number=931101023, measurement_outcomes="VXY"}
Note that the network structure is no longer a complete specification!

PN-81
The number of tokens produced is no longer fixed (2)

{sample_number=931101011, measurement_outcomes="XYV"}
positive
test sample
negative
The number of tokens produced for each output place is between 0 and 3 and the sum should be 3.
PN-82
r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
Example
incr1 incr2 incr3 incr4 incr5
bike
wheel
bell
steering wheel
frame
decr1
decr2
decr3
decr4
decr5
l1
l2
l3
l4
l5
Model as a colored Petri net.

PN-83
in {prod="bell", num=2}
Product and quantity are in the value of the token The entire stock is represented by the value of a single token, i.e., a list of records.
increase
stock
[{prod="bike", num=4}, {prod="wheel", num=2}, {prod="bell", number=3}, {prod="steering wheel", num=3}, {prod="frame", num=2}]
decrease
out
PN-84
in
Types
increase
{prod="bell", num=2}
StockItem
stock
color Product = string; color Number = int;
Stock
decrease
[{prod="bike", num=4}, {prod="wheel", num=2}, {prod="bell", number=3}, {prod="steering wheel", num=3}, {prod="frame", num=2}]
color StockItem = record prod:Product * num:Number; color Stock = list StockItem;

StockItem
out
PN-85
Extension with time (1)

Each token has a timestamp. The timestamp specifies the earliest time when it can be consumed.
2 5

PN-86
Extension with time (2)

The enabling time of a transition is the maximum of the tokens to be consumed. If there are multiple tokens in a place, the earliest ones are consumed first. A transition with the smallest firing time will fire first. Transitions are eager, i.e., they fire as soon as they can. Produced token may have a delay. The timestamp of a produced token is the firing time plus its delay.
PN-87
Running example: Enabling time

Transition start is enabled at time 2 = max{0,min{2,4,4}}.
0 4 wait 2 start free stop done
4 busy
PN-88
Running example: Delays

Tokens for place busy get a delay of 3 @+3 = firing time plus 3 time units
0 4 wait 2 start @+3 free @+0 done stop @+0
4
busy
PN-89
Running example: Transition start fired

Transition start fired a time 2.
4 wait start @+3 4 busy 5 free @+0 stop @+0 done
Continue to play (timed) token game

PN-90
Exercise: Final state?

a 1 x @+1 3 b d
5 c y @+2 4
PN-91
Exercise: Final state?

3 red 1 2 @+2 rb 2 @+1 @+1 rr bb black 4

PN-92
Extension with hierarchy

Timed and colored Petri nets result in more compact models. However, for complex systems/processes the model does not fit on a single page. Moreover, putting things at the same level does not reflect the structure of the process/system. Many hierarchy concepts are possible. In this course we restrict ourselves to transition refinement.
PN-93
Instead of
rg1
rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
o1
o2
or1
or2

PN-94
We can use hierarchy
tl1 x
tl2
rg1
rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1 x x
go2
r2
o1
o2
or1
or2

PN-95
Reuse
Reuse saves design efforts. Hierarchy can have any number of levels Transition refinement can be used for top-down and bottom-up design
tl1 x
tl2
rg
go x
or
PN-96
Exercise: model three (parallel) punch card desks in a hierarchical manner
free
wait start stop
done
busy

PN-97
Analysis of Process Models:

Reachability graphs, invariants, and simulation


PN-98
Questions raised when considering the handling of customer orders

How many orders arrive on average? How many orders can be handled? Do orders get lost? Do back orders always have priority? What is the utilization of office workers? If the desired product is no longer available, does the order get stuck? Etc.
PN-99
Questions raised when considering the handling of customers in the canteen

What is the average waiting time from 12.3013.00? What is the variance of waiting times? What is the effect of an additional cashier on the queue length? Etc.

PN-100
Questions raised when considering the an intersection with multiple traffic lights
How much traffic can be handled per hour? Give some volume of traffic, what is the probability to get a red light? Is the intersection safe, i.e., crossing flows have never a green light at the same time? Can a light go from yellow to green? Is the intersection fair (i.e., a traffic light cannot turn green twice while cars are waiting on the other side)?
PN-101
Questions raised when considering a printer shared by multiple users

Can two print jobs get mixed? Do small jobs always get priority? Can the settings of one job influence the next job? Do out-of-paper events cause jobs to get lost? How many jobs can be handled per day? What is the probability of a paper jam?
PN-102
Questions raised when considering a teller machine

What is the average response time? Is there a balance, i.e., the amount of money leaving the machine matches the amount taken from bank accounts? How often should the machine be filled to guarantee 90% availability? Is fraud possible? Etc.
PN-103
Analysis
Analysis is typically modeldriven to allow e.g. what-if questions. Models of both operational processes and/or the information systems can be analyzed. Types of analysis: validation verification
Operational process
Information System
Model
performance analysis
PN-104
Three analysis techniques (Chapter 8)

Reachability graph Place & transition invariants Simulation
Each can be applied to both classical and high-level Petri nets. Nevertheless, for the first two we restrict ourselves to the classical Petri nets. Use:
reachability graph (validation, verification) invariants (validation, verification) simulation (validation, performance analysis)
PN-105
Reachability graph
rg1 rg2
(0,0,1,1,0,0,0)
g1 g2
(1,0,0,0,0,1,0)
r1
go1
go2
r2
(1,0,0,1,0,0,1)
o1
o2
(0,1,0,1,0,0,0)
or1 or2
(1,0,0,0,1,0,0)
Five reachable states. Traffic lights are safe!

PN-106
Alternative notation
rg1 rg2
o1+r2
g1 g2
r1+o2
r1
go1
go2
r2
r1+r2+x
o1
o2
g1+r2
or1 or2
r1+g2

PN-107
Reachability graph (2)

Graph containing a node for each reachable state. Constructed by starting in the initial state, calculate all directly reachable states, etc. Expensive technique. Only feasible if finitely many states (otherwise use coverability graph). Difficult to generate diagnostic information.

PN-108
Infinite reachability graph

rg1 rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
o1
o2
or1
or2

PN-109
Exercise: Construct reachability graph

free
wait
enter
before
make_picture
after
leave
gone
occupied

PN-110
Exercise: Dining philosophers (1)

5 philosophers sharing 5 chopsticks: chopsticks are located in-between philosophers A philosopher is either in state eating or thinking and needs two chopsticks to eat. Model as a Petri net.

PN-111

Assume that philosophers take the chopsticks one by one such that first the right-hand one is taken and then the left-hand one. Model as a Petri net. Is there a deadlock?

PN-112

Assume that philosopher take the chopsticks one by one in any order and with the ability to return a chopstick. Model as a Petri net. Is there a deadlock?

PN-113
Structural analysis techniques

To avoid state-explosion problem and bad diagnostics. Properties independent of initial state. We only consider place and transition invariants. Invariants can be computed using linear algebraic techniques.

PN-114
Place invariant
man
couple marriage divorce
woman
1 man + 1 woman + 2 couple

Assigns a weight to each place. The weight of a token depends on the weight of the place. The weighted token sum is invariant, i.e., no transition can change it
PN-115
Other invariants
man
woman
1 man + 0 woman + 1 couple (Also denoted as: man + couple) 2 man + 3 woman + 5 couple -2 man + 3 woman + couple man woman woman man (Any linear combination of invariants is an invariant.)

PN-116
Example: traffic light

rg1 rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
r1 + g1 + o1 r2 + g2 + o2 r1 + r2 + g1 + g2 + o1 + o2 x + g1 + o1 + g2 + o2 r1 + r2 - x
o1
o2
or1
or2

PN-117
Exercise: Give place invariants

start_production start_consumption
free
producer
wait
consumer
product
end_production
end_consumption
PN-118
Transition invariant
man
woman
2 marriage + 2 divorce
Assigns a weight to each transition. If each transition fires the number of times indicated, the system is back in the initial state. I.e. transition invariants indicate potential firing sets without any net effect.
PN-119
Other invariants
man
woman
1 marriage + 1 divorce (Also denoted as: marriage + divorce) 20 marriage + 20 divorce Any linear combination of invariants is an invariant, but transition invariants with negative weights have no obvious meaning. Invariants may be not be realizable.
PN-120
Example: traffic light

rg1 rg2
g1
g2
r1
go1
go2
r2
rg1 + go1 + or1 rg2 + go2 + or2 rg1 + rg2 + go1 + go2 + or1 + or2 4 rg1 + 3 rg2 + 4 go1 + 3 go2 + 4 or1 + 3 or2
o1
o2
or1
or2

PN-121
Exercise: Give transition invariants

start_production start_consumption
free
producer
wait
consumer
product
end_production
end_consumption
PN-122
Exercise: four philosophers

st1 e1 t1 se1
c4 t4 st4 e4 c3 se3 t3 e3 se4
c1 e2 se2 t2 c2 st2
Give place invariants. Give transition invariants
/faculteit technologie management st3

PN-123
Two ways of calculating invariants

"Intuitive way": Formulate the property that you think holds and verify it. "Linear-algebraic way": Solve a system of linear equations. Humans tend to do it the intuitive way and computers do it the linear-algebraic way.

PN-124
man
Incidence matrix of a Petri net

Each row corresponds to a place. marriage Each column corresponds to a transition. Recall that a Petri net is described by (P,T,I,O). N(p,t)=O(t,p)-I(p,t) where p is a place and t a transition.
couple divorce
woman
1 1 N 1 1 1 1
PN-125
man
Example
man
woman
marriage
woman
1 1 N 1 1 1 1
couple divorce
PN-126
Place invariant
Let N be the incidence matrix of a net with n places and m transitions Any solution of the equation X.N = 0 is a transition invariant
X is a row vector (i.e., 1 x n matrix) O is a row vector (i.e., 1 x m matrix)
Note that (0,0,... 0) is always a place invariant. Basis can be calculated in polynomial time.

PN-127
Example
man
woman
1 1 X 1 1 (0,0) 1 1
Solutions: (0,0,0) 1 1 (1,0,1) (man, woman, couple) 1 1 (0,0) (0,1,1) 1 1 (1,1,2) (1,-1,0)
PN-128
Transition invariant
Let N be the incidence matrix of a net with n places and m transitions Any solution of the equation N.X = 0 is a place invariant
X is a column vector (i.e., m x 1 matrix) 0 is a column vector (i.e., n x 1 matrix)
Note that (0,0,... 0)T is always a place invariant. Basis can be calculated in polynomial time.

PN-129
Example
man
woman
1 1 0 1 1 X 0 1 1 0
Solutions: (0,0)T (1,1)T (32,32)T
PN-130
1 1 0 marriage 1 1 divorce 0 0 1 1
start_production
start_consumption
Exercise
free producer wait consumer
product
end_production
end_consumption
Give incidence matrix. Calculate/check place invariants. Calculate/check transition invariants.

PN-131
Simulation
Most widely used analysis technique. From a technical point of view just a "walk" in the reachability graph. By making many "walks" (in case of transient behavior) or a very "long walk" (in case of steady-state) behavior, it is possible to make reliable statements about properties/ performance indicators. Used for validation and performance analysis. Cannot be used to prove correctness!
PN-132
Stochastic process
Simulation of a deterministic system is not very interesting. Simulation of an untimed system is not interesting. In a timed and non-deterministic system, durations and probabilities are described by some probability distribution. In other words, we simulate a stochastic process! CPN allows for the use of distributions using some internal random generator.
PN-133
Uniform distribution
pdf
cumulative

PN-134
Negative exponential distribution

PN-135
Normal distribution

PN-136
Distributions in CPN Tools

Assume some library with functions: uniform(x,y) nexp(x) erlang(n,x) Etc. A nice function is also C.ran() which returns a randomly selected element of finite color set C, e.g., color C = int with 1..5; fun select1to5() = C.ran() returns a number between 1 and 5
PN-137
Example
color BT = unit; color Dice = int with 1..6;
() trigger BT
() ()
Dice.ran()
throw_dice outcome Dice

PN-138
Example(2)
color INT = int; color TINT = int timed; color Dice = int with 1..6; color Delay = int with 0..99; trigger TINT 0
throw_dice
Dice.ran()
outcome Dice
(x+1)@+(Delay.ran())

PN-139
Subruns and confidence intervals

A single run does not provide information about reliability of results. Therefore, multiple runs or one run cut into parts: subruns. If the subruns are assumed to be mutually independent, one can calculate a confidence interval, e.g., the flow time is with 95% confidence within the interval 5.5+/-0.5 (i.e. [5,6]).
PN-140
Example of a simulation model

Gas station with one pump and space for 4 cars (3 waiting and 1 being served). Service time: uniform distribution between 2 and 5 minutes. Poisson arrival process with mean time between arrivals of 4 minutes. If there are more than 3 cars waiting, the "sale" is lost. Questions: flow time, waiting time, utilization, lost sales, etc.
PN-141
Top-level page: main

color Car = string
HS
arrive
Car
HS
environment
gas_station
drive_on
Car
depart
Car
PN-142
In
arrive
Car c [len(q)>=3] drive_on
Subpage gas_station
color Car = string; color Pump = unit; color TCar = Car timed; color Queue = list Car; var c:Car; var q:Queue; fun len(q:Queue) = if q=[] then 0 else 1+len(tl(q));
c [len(q)<3] put_in_queue q q^^[c] [] queue q start Queue c::q q q
c@+uniform(2,5)
() pump_free () Pump ()
fill_up
TCar c end c
Out
Out
depart
Car
drive_on
Car
PN-143
Assuming pages for the environment and measurements the last two pages allow for ...
Calculation of flow time (average, variance, maximum, minimum, service level, etc.). Calculation of waiting times (average, variance, maximum, minimum, service level, etc.). Calculation of lost sales (average). Probability of no space left. Probability of no cars waiting. For each of these metrics, it is possible to formulate a confidence interval given sufficient observations.
PN-144
In
arrive
Car c [len(q)>=3] drive_on
Alternatives
color Car = string; color Pump = unit; color TCar = Car timed; color Queue = list Car; var c:Car; var q:Queue; fun len(q:Queue) = if q=[] then 0 else 1+len(tl(q));
c [len(q)<3] put_in_queue q q^^[c] [] queue q start c@+uniform(2,5) () pump_free () Queue c::q q q
Model the following alternatives: 5 waiting spaces 2 pumps 1 faster pump

fill_up
TCar c end c
Out
Pump ()
Out
depart
Car
drive_on
Car
PN-145
Simulation of a Production system
A B C
PN-146
Use distributions
Data
A B C
X 2 3 4
Y 5 6 7
Z 8 9 1
X Y Z
2 3 4
Processing times
Resources per work center
A B C
2 1 2
A B C
2 1 1
A B C
7 9 8
Replenishment lead times

Kanbans inbetween work centers
Time inbetween subsequent orders

PN-147
Top level page: main

color INT = int; color Prod = string; color PT = product Prod * INT; color PTimed = Prod timed; color PTTimed = PT timed; var p:Prod; var t:INT; var i:INT; resources_X 2`"A"++ 1`"B"++ 1`"C"
HS
4 INT 2`"A"++ 1`"B"++ 1`"C" kanban2

HS
5 resources_Y INT 2`"A"++ 1`"B"++ 1`"C" kanban3

HS
6 resources_Z INT
Prod kanban1 work_ center_ X
Prod work_ center_ Y
Prod kanban4
HS
Prod
HS
supplier
work_ center_ Z
customer
product1 1`("A",2)++ 1`("B",1)++ 1`("C",2) io_lead_time PT
Prod
product2 1`("A",2)++ 1`("B",3)++ 1`("C",4) PT
Prod
product3 1`("A",5)++ 1`("B",6)++ 1`("C",7) PT
Prod
product4 1`("A",8)++ 1`("B",9)++ 1`("C",1) PT
Prod 1`("A",7)++ 1`("B",9)++ 1`("C",8) PTTimed
processing_ time_X
processing_ time_Y
processing_ time_Z
c_ia_time
supplier io_lead_time = io_lead_time kanban_in = kanban1 product_out = product1
work_center processing_time = processing_time_X resources = resources_X kanban_in = kanban2 product_in = product1 kanban_out = kanban1 product_out = product2
work_center processing_time = processing_time_Y resources = resources_Y kanban_in = kanban3 product_in = product2 kanban_out = kanban2 product_out = product3
work_center processing_time = processing_time_Z resources = resources_Z kanban_in = kanban4 product_in = product3 kanban_out = kanban3 product_out = product4
customer c_ia_time = c_ia_time kanban_out = kanban4 product_in = product4
PN-148
Sub page: supplier

accept_order p (p,t) p@+t
In/Out In
kanban_in
Prod
(p,t)
io_lead_time
PT
oip
PTimed p p
Out
deliver_order
product_out
Prod

PN-149
Sub page: customer

Out
place_order p
kanban_out
Prod (p,t)@+t
(p,t)
In/Out
c_ia_time
In
PTTimed
p Prod consume
product_in

PN-150
Sub page: work_center

Out
kanban_out
Out
Prod
p end_proc p
product_out
Prod p i
i+1
In/Out
wip
In
[i>=1] p Prod p
PTimed p@+t i-1 i
resources
INT
kanban_in
In
start_proc (p,t)
(p,t)
In/Out
processing_time product_in Prod
PT

PN-151
Overview
Results: response time utilization % backorders average stock etc.
accept_order p (p,t) p@+t
In/Out
color INT = int; color Prod = string; color PT = product Prod * INT; color PTimed = Prod timed; color PTTimed = PT timed; var p:Prod; var t:INT; var i:INT; resources_X 2`"A"++ 1`"B"++ 1`"C"
HS
4 INT 2`"A"++ 1`"B"++ 1`"C" kanban2

HS
5 resources_Y INT 2`"A"++ 1`"B"++ 1`"C" kanban3

HS
6 resources_Z INT
Prod kanban1 work_ center_ X
Prod work_ center_ Y
Prod kanban4
HS
Prod
HS
supplier
work_ center_ Z
customer
product1 1`("A",2)++ 1`("B",1)++ 1`("C",2) io_lead_time PT
Prod
product2 1`("A",2)++ 1`("B",3)++ 1`("C",4) PT
Prod
product3 1`("A",5)++ 1`("B",6)++ 1`("C",7) PT
Prod
product4 1`("A",8)++ 1`("B",9)++ 1`("C",1) PT
Prod 1`("A",7)++ 1`("B",9)++ 1`("C",8) PTTimed
processing_ time_X
processing_ time_Y
processing_ time_Z
c_ia_time
supplier io_lead_time = io_lead_time kanban_in = kanban1 product_out = product1
work_center processing_time = processing_time_X resources = resources_X kanban_in = kanban2 product_in = product1 kanban_out = kanban1 product_out = product2
work_center processing_time = processing_time_Y resources = resources_Y kanban_in = kanban3 product_in = product2 kanban_out = kanban2 product_out = product3
work_center processing_time = processing_time_Z resources = resources_Z kanban_in = kanban4 product_in = product3 kanban_out = kanban3 product_out = product4
customer c_ia_time = c_ia_time kanban_out = kanban4 product_in = product4
Out
In
kanban_out
Prod
p end_proc p
Out
place_order p
kanban_in
Prod
Out
(p,t)
product_out Prod p i
kanban_out
i+1
Prod (p,t)@+t
(p,t)
In/Out
io_lead_time
PT
In/Out
oip
PTimed p p
Out
In
wip [i>=1] p Prod p
PTimed p@+t i-1 i
resources
INT
In
c_ia_time p Prod consume
PTTimed
deliver_order
product_out
Prod
kanban_in
In
start_proc (p,t)
(p,t)
In/Out
product_in
processing_time product_in Prod
PT

PN-152
Classical versus high-level Petri nets

Simulation clearly works for all types of nets. Hierarchy is never a problem. Time allows for new types of analysis. Reachability graphs and invariants can also be extended to high-level nets.
More complex (both technique and computation)
Sometimes abstraction from color is possible to derive invariants (consider previous example).

PN-153
Exercise: Five Chinese philosophers

Recall hierarchical CPN model of five Chinese philosophers alternating between states thinking and eating.
Give place invariants Give transition invariants
Change the model such that philosophers can take one chopstick at a time but avoid deadlocks and a fixed ordering of philosophers.
Give place invariants Give transition invariants
PN-154
color BlackToken = unit; var b:BackToken
Top-level page
()
HS philosopher left = CS2 right = CS1
CS1 BlackToken
CS2
()
PH1 BlackToken
PH5
PH2
CS5 BlackToken
()
CS3 BlackToken
()
CS4 PH4
() PH3
BlackToken

PN-155
Page philosopher
think BlackToken b take_chopsticks b () eat BlackToken b b put_down_chopsticks
b b left BlackToken
b b right
In/Out
In/Out
BlackToken
PN-156
Flat model is obtained by replacing substitution transitions by subpages

color BlackToken = unit; var b:BackToken
philosopher left = CS2 right = CS1
CS1 BlackToken
()
HS
CS2
()
PH1 BlackToken
PH5
PH2
Naming: PH3.think PH3.eat PH3.take_chopsticks PH3.put_down_chopsticks

think BlackToken () eat BlackToken b take_chopsticks b b b put_down_chopsticks
CS5 BlackToken
()
CS3 BlackToken
()
CS4 PH4
() PH3
BlackToken
b b left BlackToken
In/Out
b b right
In/Out
BlackToken
Repeat 5 times...
PN-157
Alternative page
think BlackToken b start_eating
()
eat BlackToken b b b start_thinking
b b hold_left BlackToken b return_left take_left b
b b hold_ right BlackToken b take_right b return_right
b left BlackToken
b right
In/Out In/Out
BlackToken

PN-158
You should be able to ...

Construct a reachability graph for a classical Petri net. Give meaningful place and transition invariants for a classical Petri net. Construct a reachability graph and give meaningful place and transition invariants for a hierarchical CPN after abstracting from data and time and removing hierarchy. Build a simple simulation model using CPN. Motivate the use of each of the analysis techniques.
PN-159

Petri Nets Refesher: Prof - Dr.ir. Wil Van Der Aalst

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Petri Nets Refesher: Prof - Dr.ir. Wil Van Der Aalst

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Petri nets refesher

Prof.dr.ir. Wil van der Aalst

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Prof.dr.ir. Wil van der Aalst

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Classical Petri net

arc (directed connection)

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Play Token Game

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t32 transition t23 fires

Two transitions are enabled but only one can fire

Example: Single traffic light

Two traffic lights

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How to make them alternate?

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Playing the Token Game on the Internet

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Exercise: Train system (1)

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Exercise: Train system (2)

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Exercise: Train system (3)

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Exercise: Train system (4)

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Multiple arcs connecting two nodes

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Example: Ball game

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Exercise: Manufacturing a chair

Exercise: Burning alcohol.

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Exercise: Manufacturing a car

Formal definition (2)

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Exercise: Map onto (P,T,I,O) and S

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Exercise: Draw diagram

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Mapping Petri nets onto transition systems

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Exercise: Give the reachability graph using both notations

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Different types of states

Exercise: Producers and consumers

Exercise: Two switches

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Typical network structures

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