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08 A Circulatory System Text
08 A Circulatory System Text
By blood vessel!
1. blind ended lymphatic capillaries that collect lymph fluid from tissues
2. larger lymphatic vessels that connect with one and other and finally empty collected lymph into large veins in the neck where the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems merge.
http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/~kswank/LymphSyst.html
1. arterial system
2. venous system
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/art_vein.gif
1. systemic loop
2. pulmonary loop
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
http://www.medsch.wisc.edu/anatomy/histo/res/l/cv/cv21.jpg
http://www.mmi.mcgill.ca/Unit2/McKee/lect47histcapillariesbv.htm
1. tunica intima (often referred to as the "intima"). Starting from the inside of the blood vessel and moving outward.
b. the endothelial layer is encircled by a subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue that may contain some smooth muscle cells.
http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/edprog/images/Cv1.jpg
1. tunica intima
http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_3/Slide_58_artery/pages/a.2.58.2.1.htm
c. In arteries, the intima often appears scalloped (wrinkled) in sections due to contraction of the smooth muscle cells present in the subendothelial layer.
b. consists of circumferential smooth muscle with extracellular matrix secreted by the muscle cells collagen, elastin, various proteoglycans
c. in muscular arteries a layer of elastin called the internal elastic lamina separates the intima and media
http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/edprog/images/Cv1.jpg
d. in larger muscular arteries, an external elastic lamina separates the media from the outer adventitial layer.
e. in large blood vessels, the media receives nutrients from arterioles/capillaries that branch off of arterioles in the adventitia and extend into it.
http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-imgbank/chapter_3/Slide_58_artery/pages/b.2.58.2.2.htm
a. connective tissue layer with high content of collagen and elastic fibers in extracellular matrix between fibroblasts
http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/edprog/images/Cv1.jpg
b. this layer gradually becomes continuous with the connective tissue of the organ/tissue the vessel is in
http://128.218.123.161/IDS_100/vessels/fig2.html
http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/edprog/images/Cv1.jpg
http://www.finchcms.edu/anatomy/histology/organology/circ ulatory/o_c_10.html
c. in larger vessels a network of small blood vessels called the vasa vasorum is present in the adventitia. Branches of these vessels (arterioles, capillaries) venules) will extend into the tunica adventitia and the outer half of the media.
IV. Structure of vessels II - General relationship between tunics and arterial and venous vessels
1. very thick tunica intima consisting of the endothelium with a relatively thick sub-endothelial layer of loose connective tissue. An internal elastic lamina may or may not be present.
3. lots of elastin in tunica media that gives these vessels yellow color in life
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/
A. Large elastic arteries (e.g. decending aorta and large branches thereof) 4. media consists of concentrically arranged sheets of elastin fibers smooth muscle cells collagen fibers. The number and thickness of the elastic layers increases with age
5. tunica adventitia is usually relatively thin with a vasa vasorum (network of blood vessels)
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/
B. Muscular arteries 1. essentially all the named and unnamed arteries in the body, except for the large elastic arteries, are muscular arteries.
2. tunica intima very thin - consists of endothelium and a flattened subendothelial layer of collagen and elastic fibers. A predominant feature of the intima is the internal elastic lamina.
http://www3.umdnj.edu/histsweb/lab7/lab7musleartery.html
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab12b/EXA MPLES/Exmusart.htm
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Vascular/Vascu lar.htm
B. Muscular arteries 3. the tunica media is the major identifying characteristic. It consists of a thick smooth muscular layer with as many as 40 layers of smooth muscle encircling the artery.
4. spasmodic contraction of the media smooth muscle helps prevent hemorrhaging during injury.
5. larger muscular arteries may have an external elastic lamina. 6. adventitia is well developed and may be thinner than media.
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Vascular/Vascu lar.htm
C. Arterioles
1. arterioles are small arteries, 0.04 - 0.4 mm in diameter
2. tunica intima consists of the endothelium - no sub-endothelial layer of loose connective tissue
http://www.finchcms.edu/anatomy/histology/organology/circul atory/images/ff518.jpg
D. Metarterioles
1. metarterioles connect larger arterioles to capillaries
4. Smooth muscle cells act as sphincters that control the flow of blood through capillary beds
http://128.218.123.161/IDS_100/vessels/fig12.html
2. wall consists of a simple squamous epithelium called endothelium. This is just the continuation of the endothelium that lines the whole circulatory system, without the various additional connective tissue and muscular layers that we find surrounding larger blood vessels.
http://128.218.123.161/IDS_100/vessels/fig11.html
http://128.218.123.161/IDS_100/vessels/fig7.html
http://www.medscape.com/content/2004/00/46/94/469492/469492_fig.html
http://128.218.123.161/IDS_100/vessels/fig11.html
4. cells called pericytes may be sporadically found between the basal lamina and the endothelial cells. These cells may be able to contract and thus constrict capillaries.
a. held together by occluding or gap junctions b. nuclei bulge into the capillary lumen (as opposed to pericytes).
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/histo/bloodvessels/capillary.html
A. Capillaries - examples
http://www.finchcms.edu/anatomy/histology/organology/ circulatory/o_c_4.html
http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cbv/cav.GIF
http://128.218.123.161/IDS_100/vessels/fig6.html
B. There are 3 types of capillaries. 1. continuous capillaries a. no fenestrae or pores in wall b. most capillaries are of this type
2. fenestrated or perforated capillaries a. fenestrations (or pores) penetrate the endothelial cells - may have diaphragm. b. found in tissues where rapid exchange of substances occurs (found principally in capillaries of the villi of the intestinal wall and glomeruli of the kidney).
http://www.mmi.mcgill.ca/Unit2/McKee/lect47histcapillariesbv.htm
3. Sinusoids and sinusoidal capillaries a. highly convoluted and with enlarged diameter (30-40 m) c. many small multiple fenestrations without diaphragms penetrate the endothelial cells
http://www.finchcms.edu/anatomy/histology/organology/circulatory/images/ff549.jpg
g. found mainly in liver and hematopoietic organs such as bone marrow and spleen.
3. sinusoidal capillaries
http://www.mmi.mcgill.ca/Unit2/McKee/lect47histcapillariesbv.htm
Sinusoid in spleen
Sinusoid in liver
http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/histo/images/k13h.jpg http://www.finchcms.edu/anatomy/histology/organology/lymphoid/images/ff649.jpg
Capillaries
C. So, in the case of capillaries with fenestrations or spaces between endothelial cells, we can see that these vessels are constructed to allow for the easy passage of materials (macromolecules) and sometimes cells (e.g. monocytes) into and out of the circulatory system.
E. In continuous, as well as other types of capillaries, macromolecules can also be passed into or out of the circulatory system by what might be called transcellular pinocytosis.