1

Impact of Wind Energy on Power

System Operation

Joris Soens


web-event
Leonardo ENERGY
16 February 2006

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen
Departement Elektrotechniek (ESAT)
Afdeling ELECTA



2
Presentation Outline
Introduction: wind power in Belgium, state of the art
installed power, turbine types
interaction with power grid

Dynamic modelling of wind power generators

Aggregated wind power in the Belgian control area
hourly time series
value of wind power

Conclusions
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



3



I. Wind power, state of the art
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



4
Levels of installed wind power
in Europe
Installed [MW]
end 2003
New
[MW]
2004
Installed [MW]
end 2004
Germany 14.609 2.037 16.629
Spain 6.203 2.065 8.263
Denmark 3.115 9 3.117
...
Netherlands 910 197 1.078
...
Belgium 68 28
95
(>160 in 2005)
Europe (EU25) 28.568 5.703 34.205
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



5
Control options for wind turbines

Speed control
fixed speed
variable speed limited range
variable speed wide range

Reactive power control

Blade angle & active power control
fixed blade
pitchable blade

Yaw control
highly dependent on
generator type
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



6
Generator types for wind turbines (I)
squirrel cage induction generator
nearly fixed speed
always inductive load
Turbine
Grid
shaft &
gearbox
wind
SCIG
~
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



7
Turbine generator types (II)
doubly fed induction generator
variable speed limited range
reactive power controllable
shaft &
gearbox
DFIG
Converter
~
Grid
Crowbar
Turbine
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



8
Turbine generator types (III)
synchronous generator, direct drive
variable speed wide range no gearbox
reactive power controllable

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions
SG
Turbine
Converter
~
Grid
Permanent Magnet
OR
Field Winding



9
Interaction with power grid
Until recently:
wind power = negative load

Now:
wind power = actively contributing to power system control
o ride-through capability
o voltage control
o output power control
specific grid connection requirements
development requires dynamic models
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



10
Example: ride-through requirement
Wind turbine disconnects at light grid disturbance
Disconnection causes new grid disturbance
Cascade-effect may result in major sudden loss of
wind power
Example:
Spain, February 26, 2004
600 MW loss of wind power due to one grid fault
Therefore: definition of voltage profiles that must not
lead to disconnection
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



11
Example: ride-through requirement by
E.ON Netz (Germany)
1) Each voltage dip remaining above red line must not
result in disconnection of the generator
2) Within the grey area, extra reactive power is demanded
from the wind power generator to deliver voltage support

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



12



II. Dynamic modelling of wind power
generators
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



13
Dynamic modelling of wind turbines for
use in power system simulation
Power system simulation software:
simulate dynamically short-circuits, load steps, switching
event ....
interaction wind turbine model and grid model:

grid
controlled wind
turbine
grid dispatch &
control
wind speed
injected current
voltage at
turbine node
reference
P and Q
controlled grid
parameters
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



14
Detailed turbine model with
doubly fed induction generator

wind
v
R
i
, s ref
q
speed
controller
turbine
rotor
model
pitch
controller

shaft
coupling






generator
shaft
T
turb
e
gen
e
|
|

rotational
transformation
(voltage)
R
I
u
u
sd
u
sq
u
, em ref
T

current
controller
gen
e



rotor converter (2)

and

rotational
transformation
(current)


rotor
converter
(1)
I
i
sd
i
sq
i
rd
i
rq
i
, rd ref
u
, rq ref
u
rd
u
rq
u
rd
u
rq
u
gen
e
gen
e
shaft
T
park
u
sq
u
park
u
v
wind
u
turb
q
ref
p
ref
i
turb
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



15
Detailed turbine model:
simulation examples


step-wise wind speed increase

voltage dip at turbine generator
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



16
Detailed turbine model:
simulation example I (1)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
10
20
30
time [s]
v
w
i
n
d

[
m
/
s
]
Simulated increasing wind speed
simulation input: step-wise increasing wind speed
wind speed at hub height
400 600 800 1000 1200 1600 1800 2000
10
20
[m/s]
time [s]
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



17
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
0.5
1
1.5
time [s]
p
t
u
r
b

[
p
.
u
.
]
Turbine active power for increasing wind speed
case 1
case 2
case 3 & 4
400 600 800 1000 1200 1600 1800 2000
time [s]
0,5
1
power
[p.u.]
variable speed &
pitch control
fixed speed &
pitch control
fixed speed &
no pitch control
turbine power for increasing wind speed
Detailed turbine model:
simulation example I (2)
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



18
Detailed turbine model:
simulation example I (3)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
0.5
1
1.5
time [s]
t
u
r
b
i
n
e

s
p
e
e
d

[
p
.
u
.
]
Turbine speed for increasing wind speed
case 1 & 2
case 3 & 4
400 600 800 1000 1200 1600 1800 2000
time [s]
0,5
1
speed
[p.u.]
turbine speed for increasing wind speed
variable speed
turbine
constant speed
turbine
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



19
Detailed turbine model:
simulation example I (4)
zoom on turbine speed
995 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
time [s]

s
p
e
e
d

[
p
.
u
.
]
Turbine speed for increasing wind speed
case 1 & 2, turbine speed
case 1 & 2, generator speed
case 3 & 4, turbine speed
case 3 & 4, generator speed
variable speed:
propeller speed
variable speed:
generator speed
fixed speed:
propeller speed
fixed speed:
generator speed
995 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025
0.95
1
1,05
time [s]
speed
[p.u.]
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



20
Detailed turbine model:
simulation example II (1)
999 999.5 1000 1000.5 1001 1001.5 1002 1002.5 1003
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Voltage at node 104 during fault at this node
time [s]
u
1
0
4

[
p
.
u
.
]
1000 1001 1002
voltage at turbine generator
0.4
0.6
1
[p.u.]
0.8
0.2
time [s]
simulation input: voltage dip at turbine generator
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



21
Detailed turbine model:
simulation example II (2)
995 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
time [s]
t
u
r
b
i
n
e

a
n
d

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

s
p
e
e
d

[
p
.
u
.
]
Turbine and generator speed during
fault at node 104, cases 1 & 2
turbine speed
generator speed
1000 1005 1010 1015
time [s]
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
speed
[p.u.]
propeller speed
generator speed
propeller and generator speed during voltage dip, for
fixed-speed turbine with induction generator
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



22
propeller and generator speed during voltage dip, for
variable-speed turbine with doubly fed induction generator
Detailed turbine model:
simulation example II (3)
995 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
time [s]
t
u
r
b
i
n
e

a
n
d

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

s
p
e
e
d

[
p
.
u
.
]
Turbine and generator speed during
fault at node 104, cases 3 & 4
turbine speed
generator speed
1000 1005 1010 1015
time [s]
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
speed
[p.u.]
propeller speed
generator speed
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



23
Dynamic turbine model:
conclusions
Detailed model allows
examination of interaction between turbine and
grid
electrical & mechanical quantities
good understanding of turbine behaviour
thorough insight in mechanical and electrical
behaviour of turbine/grid
simulation of heavy transients
help to set up connection requirements


Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



24



III. Aggregated wind power in the
Belgian control area
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



25
Wind power in Belgium

95 MW wind power in total installed by
end of 2004 (onshore)
One offshore wind farm (216 - 300 MW)
permitted and near construction phase
(start construction soon)
Legal supporting framework for offshore
wind farms established in January 2005
Best wind resources are offshore or in
the west part (near shore)
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



26
High voltage grid in Belgium

150 kV
220 kV
400 kV
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



27
Aggregated wind power in the Belgian
control area


Time series of aggregated wind power

Value of aggregated wind power
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



28
Time series for aggregated wind power
Research project ELIA - ELECTA
Research goal
estimation of hourly fluctuation of aggregated wind power in
Belgium
Use
estimation of need for regulating power
estimation of value of wind power
Available data
Wind speed measurements at three sites in Belgium
Scenarios for future installed wind power


Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



29
Available wind speed data
Wind speed data from meteo-stations
Ostend, Brussels, Elsenborn
Three-year period (2001 2003), hourly
resolution
Anemometer height: 10 m
Complementary to data from European
Wind Atlas (turbulence, landscape
roughness)
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



30
Available wind speed data
Ostend
Brussels
Elsenborn
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



31
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions
Scenarios for installed wind turbines
Turbine type parameters:
power curve
hub height
Developed algorithm allows arbitrary number of types
In following application: two turbine types
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
wind speed [m/s]
p
o
w
e
r

[
p
.
u
.
]
Power curve for variable-speed
pitch-controlled turbine
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
wind speed [m/s]
P
o
w
e
r

[
p
.
u
.
]
Power curve for fixed-speed
stall-controlled turbine



32
Scenario I
Evenly distributed

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



33
Scenario II
Concentrated

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



34
Scenario III
One offshore farm

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



35
Scenario IV
Scen. II + Scen. III

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



36
Algorithm output:
aggregated wind power time series
1 2 3 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Day (January 2001)
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
d

W
i
n
d

P
o
w
e
r

O
u
t
p
u
t

[
%

o
f

i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d
]













Estimated Aggregated Wind Power Output
as Function of Scenario (2001, January 1-5)
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



37
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions
Quantization of power fluctuations:
power transition matrices
Number of occurrences that a power value in hour H
is in given range
As a function of power value in hour H 1, H 4.
Example: H vs. H-1 matrix for Scenario 1
0 - 10 % 10 - 20 % 20 - 30 % 30 - 40 % 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70% 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % 90 - 100%
0 - 10 % 10244 1247 166 28 6 2 0 0 0 0
10 - 20 % 1261 2272 826 187 41 8 0 0 0 0
20 - 30 % 160 856 1163 586 172 33 4 3 0 0
30 - 40 % 23 167 589 794 476 113 17 4 1 0
40 - 50 % 4 44 185 435 623 358 94 15 2 0
50 - 60 % 2 8 39 133 343 482 209 49 3 0
60 - 70 % 0 1 7 18 83 216 360 178 14 0
70 - 80 % 0 0 1 1 12 54 175 318 101 0
80 - 90 % 0 0 0 2 4 2 18 95 142 0
90 - 100% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

W
i
n
d

P
o
w
e
r

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

i
n

H
o
u
r

-
1
SCENARIO 1
Relative Wind Power Production in the Actual Hour



38
H vs. H-1 matrices for all scenarios
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Scenario I Scenario II
Scenario III Scenario IV
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



39
Value of aggregated wind power


Possible indicators for value of wind power
Capacity factor
Capacity credit
Potential reduction of CO
2
-emission by total
power generation park in Belgium
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



40



Calculated for separate turbine or for aggregated park
Most important parameter for turbine exploiters, when
money income ~ produced energy

Capacity factor
capacity factor =
annual energy production [MWh]
installed power [MW] x 8760 [h]
Scenario
capacity factor
[%]
equivalent full-
load hours
I 20 1752
II 26 2278
III 31 2715
IV 29 2540
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



41
Capacity credit:
definition
reliable capacity
amount of installed capacity in a power system, available with
given reliability to cover the total power demand

loss of load probability (LOLP)
probability that total power demand exceeds the reliable
capacity

capacity credit of wind power
Amount of conventional power generation plants that can be
replaced by a given level of wind power, without increase of
the LOLP
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



42
Capacity credit:
calculation
( ) (0) exp
peak
D
H D H
Q

| |
=
|
|
\ .
( ) ( )
2
( )
plant
plant plant
P
H D H D P p P = +

H( 0 ) = LOLP = 4 h/year
Assumption: probability that

Total power demand > (reliable capacity + D MW )
Impact of additional power generator (park), with
production probability p( P
plant
)
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



43
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
D (Demand not served) [MW]
H
(
D
)

[
h
o
u
r
s
/
y
e
a
r
]
Estimated LOLP for Belgium
0 500
4
3
2
1
0
D (Demand not served) [MW]
[hour/year]
= 30
Q
peak
= 13.5 GW
H(0) = 4 h/year
LOLP graphical
LOLP
H (D )



44
-500 0 500 1000
0
1
2
3
4
5
D (Demand not served) [MW]
H
(
D
)

[
h
o
u
r
s
/
y
e
a
r
]
Influence of wind park on H(D)
capacity
credit
extra conventional
power plants
LOLP improvement
H (D)
H
2
(D)
0 500
4
3
2
1
0
Capacity credit graphical
D (Demand not served) [MW]
H (D ) & H
2
(D)
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions
[hour/year]



45
Absolute capacity credit for
wind power in Belgium
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0
100
200
300
400
500
Installed wind power [MW]
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

c
r
e
d
i
t

[
M
W
]
Wind power capacity credit for all scenarios
scen I
scen II
scen III
scen IV
1000 2000 3000 4000
0
100
200
300
400
5000
Installed wind power [MW]
Capacity credit
[MW]
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



46
Shortcomings of capacity factor/credit
as value indicator
Moment of energy production?
Instantaneous demand for electrical energy?
Energy production in next time sample?


True value indicator must reflect difference of a
chosen paramater, between case with and without
wind power

This requires
Knowledge of entire power system
Dynamic simulation of entire power system

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



47
Dynamic simulation of entire
power system (1)
Simulation tool PROMIX (Production Mix)
Input data:

Parameters for all power plants in control area
o Power range
o Costs of start-up and continuous operation
o Time for start-up and power regulation
o Fuel consumption, gas emissions... for various
operating regimes

Time series of aggregated load in control area
(resolution: 1 hour)

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



48
Dynamic simulation of entire
power system (2)
Output:
Optimal power generation pattern for every hour
Fuel consumption, emissions, costs... for every plant &
hour

Integrating wind power time series in input data
As equivalent reduction of aggregated load
For large values: reliable wind power required

Results: CO
2
-emission abatement for various
levels of installed wind power
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



49
Relative annual abatement of
CO
2
-emission
0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
Installed wind power [% of system peak demand]
C
O
2
-
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

a
b
a
t
e
m
e
n
t

[
%
]
Relative annual CO
2
emission abatement as
function of installed wind power - scenario I
no reliability
1 h reliability
6 h reliability
12 h reliability
24 h reliability
Scenario I
5 10 15 20 0
2
4
6
8
Installed wind power [% of peak demand]
CO
2
emission abatement
[% of reference case]
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



50
0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
Installed wind power [% of system peak demand]
C
O
2
-
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

a
b
a
t
e
m
e
n
t

[
%
]
Relative annual CO
2
emission abatement as
function of installed wind power - scenario III
no reliability
1 h reliability
6 h reliability
12 h reliability
24 h reliability
5 10 15 20 0
2
4
6
8
Installed wind power [% of peak demand]
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions
Relative annual abatement of
CO
2
-emission
Scenario III
CO
2
emission abatement
[% of reference case]



51
Conclusions
Value of wind power

Capacity factor: 20 - 31 % (spreading)
Capacity credit: 30 -10 % (installed power)
CO
2
emission abatement:
Optimum: 4% reduction for installed wind power equal to
5% of peak demand ( = 700 MW)

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



52



IV. Conclusions
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



53
Conclusions (1)

Technical challenges for wind power integration
are identified

Dynamic models are developed
responding to needs of quantifying higher electrical &
mechanical demands towards wind turbines
detailed dynamic models, assessing all
mechanical/electrical quantities
simplified dynamic models, allowing rough estimates of
wind power absorption potential at busbar
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



54
Hourly fluctuations of aggregated wind power in
Belgium are quantified

Value of wind power in Belgium assessed with three
indicators
Capacity factor
Capacity credit
Abatement of CO
2
-emission by total power generation park

> 700 MW installed power:
wind power negative load

Conclusions (2)
Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions



55
Recommendations for
further research

Accurate wind speed forecasting

Integrating forecast updates in implementation of electricity
market

Electricity storage

Demand side management

Impact of wind power on European border-crossing power flows

Introduction
Dynamic
Modelling
Aggregated
Wind Power
Conclusions
Impact of wind energy in a future power grid
Ph.D Joris Soens 15 december 2005, K.U.Leuven


http://hdl.handle.net/1979/161