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Cellulosic Dyeing
Cellulosic Dyeing
Colorants
A colorant is a substance capable of imparting its colour to a given substrate, such as paper or cotton, in which it is present Not all colorants are dyes A dye must be
Soluble Substantive Absorbable (at fiber level)
Dyes
The four major characteristics of dyes are:
intense colour solubility in water at some point during the dyeing cycle some substantivity for the fibre being dyed reasonable fastness properties of the dyeing produced.
Classification of dyes
Classification of dyes according to chemical constitution and usage
Chromophores contain unsaturated molecules. Most dye molecules contain a number of aromatic rings forming a chromophore (color producing portion Approximately 50% are disazo, 33% are polyazo, and the remainder are monoazo, copper-complex azo or based on other chromophores Sulphonated azo dyes constitute the predominant group of direct dyes These are usually bis-, tris-, or tetra-azo compounds
Substantivity
The affinity of a dye for a given substrate
Fixation
Proportion of dye remaining on the fiber at the end of the process relative to the amount originally available
Fastness
Resistance to fading due to washing, light, etc
Dye molecules enter only the amorphous regions Average distance between molecules in amorphous regions is almost 0.5-0.2 nm Linear and coplanar molecules enter much easily
Take place due to repulsive forces (water) and attractive forces (fiber)
Depends on ionic nature of dye
Dye molecule repel the fiber initially due to ive charge on both Most dyes exist as aggregates of several dye molecules Important factors affecting the absorption of direct dyes by cellulosic fibres include
time and temperature of dyeing, liquor ratio, salt concentration, and the solubility and aggregation behaviour of individual dyes.
Effect of Electrolytes
Direct dyes are applied to cellulosic fibres in the presence of an electrolyte at or near the boil Helps exhaustion By Common ion effect Decrease in Zeta potential Increased dissociation An increase in the dye or electrolyte concentration increases aggregation Nonionic dyes are not affected. They exist as dispersions. Here exhaustion occurs due to small particle size
Effect of Temperature
Strike and fibre penetration are temperature-dependent and are accelerated by an increase in temperature An increase in the temperature of dyeing raises the rate of dye absorption, but decreases the equilibrium exhaustion Increases the molecular energy Decreases aggragation Increases the dyeing rate (due to smaller aggregate size) i-e exhaustion & Fixation however reduces extent of dyeing Increases penetration into the fiber Fiber also swells at higher temperature Swells the fiber thus resulting in better entrapped molecules on cooling Many direct dyes tend to decompose during dyeing at or above the boil (attributable to reduction of an azo linkage)
Reactive Dyes
Mostly used for cellulosics Good Fastness properties Contains functional group that react with OH group in fibre Results in a covalent bond Some of them form the bond at room temperature while others do that at higher temperatures May also react with water (in that case it is said to be hydrolysed; opposite case is termed as fixed dye) Alkali is added to increase the reactivity of Electron Rich Oxygen atom on cellulose thus increasing its affinity to react with electron difficient reactive group on dye
Reactive Dyes
Hydrolysed dye may also attach to fiber due to weak forces and lead to lower wash fastness. Low substantive dye may be designed to avoid this Chemical Structure (Molecular configuration)
Chromophore------NH------Reactive group Since bonding is done by reactive group molecular size of chromopore may be small