MATTER

Matter has Mass and Occupies Space

Matter has mass and occupies space

1. All living things and non-living things on earth, are made up of matter.
2. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. 3. Examples of matter are air, water, soil and plants. All living things which are made up of matter has mass and occupies space.

MATTER

Three States of Matter

Basic Structure of Matter 1. Matter is made up of discrete particles. Particles are the basic unit of matter. 2. These particles consist of atoms and molecules.

3. Atoms are the smallest particles. All substances are made up of the smallest particles. i.e. atoms.
4. Molecules are made up of two more atoms combined together.

Hydrogen molecules

Water molecules

Methane molecules

Three States of Matter

1. Matter exists in either a solid, liquid or gaseous state.

2. Matter may exist in solid form, like gold, iron or soils; in liquid form, like oil or water, or it may be in the form of gas, like air or steam. These forms of matter i.e. solid, liquid and gas, are known as the three states of matter.

ice Solid

water
Liquid

steam
Gas

Arrangement of particles in Matter The arrangement of particles determines the shape of matter. Solid

The particles are arranged close to one another in an orderly manner, are compact and follow pattern. Therefore, a solid has a fixed shape and a definite volume.
There are very small spaces between the particles. The force of attraction between particles is strong.

Arrangement of particles in Matter The arrangement of particles determines the shape of matter. Solid

The particles are arranged close to one another in an orderly manner, are compact and follow pattern. Therefore, a solid has a fixed shape and a definite volume.
There are very small spaces between the particles. The force of attraction between particles is strong.

Arrangement of particles in Matter Liquid The particles are arranged loosely and are not orderly . Because of this, the spaces between the particles are wide . The particles collide with one another and, therefore, do not follow a pattern. Liquids do not have a fixed shape but follow the shape of its container. Liquids have definite volume.

The force of attraction between particles is not as strong compared with particles in solids.

Arrangement of particles in Matter Liquid The particles are arranged loosely and are not orderly . Because of this, the spaces between the particles are wide . The particles collide with one another and, therefore, do not follow a pattern. Liquids do not have a fixed shape but follow the shape of its container. Liquids have definite volume.

The force of attraction between particles is not as strong compared with particles in solids.

Arrangement of particles in Matter Gas The particles are widely separated from one another. There is a lot of space between the particles. Therefore, gases can be compressed. Gases do not have fixed pattern. A gas can completely fill any vessel it is put into. Therefore, gases do not have a definite volume . Gases follow the shape of its container. The force of attraction between particles is very weak.

Arrangement of particles in Matter Gas The particles are widely separated from one another. There is a lot of space between the particles. Therefore, gases can be compressed. Gases do not have fixed pattern. A gas can completely fill any vessel it is put into. Therefore, gases do not have a definite volume. Gases follow the shape of its container. The force of attraction between particles is very weak.

Movement of particles in Matter The particles in matter are always in a state of motion as below: Solid

The particles of a solid are held together by a strong forces of attraction. They are only free to vibrate about fixed positions and cannot move about freely.
The particles of solids contains very low kinetic energy.

Movement of particles in Matter The particles in matter are always in a state of motion as below: Solid

The particles of a solid are held together by a strong forces of attraction. They are only free to vibrate about fixed positions and cannot move about freely.
The particles of solids contains very low kinetic energy.

Movement of particles in Matter Liquid

The particles of a liquid have a moderate forces of attraction. The particles of a liquid can move freely than a solid. This explains why a liquid loses its shape.
The particles in liquids move at random and sometimes collide with one another.

Movement of particles in Matter Liquid

The particles of a liquid have a moderate forces of attraction. The particles of a liquid can move freely than a solid. This explains why a liquid loses its shape.
The particles in liquids move at random and sometimes collide with one another.

Movement of particles in Matter Gas

The forces of attraction between gas molecules is very weak. As a result, the molecules in a gas have complete freedom of movement. The particles of gas move at random in quick motion and very often collide with one another.
The particles of a gas contain a lot of kinetic energy.

Movement of particles in Matter Gas

The forces of attraction between gas molecules is very weak. As a result, the molecules in a gas have complete freedom of movement. The particles of gas move at random in quick motion and very often collide with one another.
The particles of a gas contain a lot of kinetic energy.

Movement of particles in Matter 1. Diffusion occurs when molecules of one substance become mixed with the molecules of another substance. This motion of molecules is called Brownian motion.

2. Diffusion occurs much more easily in gases followed by molecules in liquids and then solids.

Comparison of the Three States of Matter

Similarities Have fixed mass Occupy space

Differences Arrangement of particles

Solid

Liquid

Gas Particles are widely separated

Particles are Particles are packed close loosely arranged to one another

Movement of particles Volume

Move at random Move quickly Vibrates about in a group and at random and fixed position sometimes often collide collide

Fixed

Fixed

Changes

Comparison of the Three States of Matter

Differences Shape Ability to flow Ability to be compressed Force of attraction Energy content Solid Fixed No No Very strong Low Liquid Follow the container Yes Very difficult Moderate Average Gas Fills the whole container Diffuses in all directions Easily compressed Very weak High

Comparison of the Three States of Matter

Similarities Have fixed mass Occupy space

Differences Arrangement of particles

Solid

Liquid

Gas Particles are widely separated

Particles are Particles are packed close loosely arranged to one another

Movement of particles Volume

Move at random Move quickly Vibrates about in a group and at random and fixed position sometimes often collide collide

Fixed

Fixed

Changes

Comparison of the Three States of Matter

Differences Shape Ability to flow Ability to be compressed Force of attraction Energy content Solid Fixed No No Very strong Low Liquid Follow the container Yes Very difficult Moderate Average Gas Fills the whole container Diffuses in all directions Easily compressed Very weak High

MATTER

Concept of Density

3 iron 1 cm3 iron 1 cm cube is heavier than 1 cm3 iron cube.

The mass of iron cube is higher than the mass of the wooden wood although they have the 1 cm3 wood same volume. This is because they have different densities.

Density of matter 1. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

2. The unit of density is g per cm3 (g/cm3) or gram per cubic centimetre. 3. Density can be calculated using the formula shown below:

Density =

mass of substance (g) volume of substance (cm3)

The volume of the cube = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1 cm3 The mass of the cube = 1 g Therefore, the density of the cube : mass Density = volume
= 1g 1 cm3 = 1 g/cm3

1 cm

1 cm 1 cm

Example 1 10 cm3 of mercury weighs 136 g. Finds its density in g / cm3. mass volume 136 g 10 cm3

Density =

= 13.6 g / cm3

Example 2 The mass of 5 cm3 of copper is 44.5 g. What is its density? mass volume 44.5 g 5 cm3

Density =

= 8.9 g / cm3

Example 3

The density of water is 1.0 g/cm3. What is the mass of 150 cm3 of water?
Density =

mass
volume

Mass = Density x Volume

= 1.0 g / cm3 x 150 cm3

= 150.0 g

Example 4

A 12 cm3 wooden block has a mass of 9.6 g. Find out whether it floats or sinks in cooking oil. (The density of cooking oil = 0.7 g / cm3)
Density =

mass
volume 9.6 g 12 cm3

= 0.8 g / cm3 Since the density of wooden block (0.8 g / cm3) is higher than the density of the cooking oil (0.7 g / cm3) , it sinks in the cooking oil.

Example 5

5 cm3 of cooking oil has a mass of 3.5 g. 10 cm3 of mercury has a mass of 136 g. Which substance is denser?
mass volume 3.5 g 5 cm3 mass volume 136 g 10 cm3

Density of = cooking oil

=

Density = of mercury
=

= 0.7 g / cm3 This shows that mercury

= 13.6 g / cm3 is denser than cooking oil.

4. The density of water is 1 g / cm3 and the density of gold is 19.3 g / cm3. This means that 1 cubic centimetre of water possesses 1 gram of water and 1 cubic centimetre of gold possesses 19.3 gram of gold. 5. Denser substances will sink in liquids that are less dense. 6. Substances that are less dense will rise above or float in liquids that are denser.

7. The volume of objects that have a regular shape can be calculated. The volume of objects such as cubes and rods or cylinders can be calculated using the following formula:
height radius

breadth
length length

Volume of cube = length x breadth x height

Volume of rod = r2 x length ( r = radius of the rod )

Why do some objects and liquids float? 1. Objects like ice, wood and oil float in water, whereas stone, marbles and iron cube sink in water. 2. A substance is able to float or sink depending on its density.

3. A less dense substance floats in a denser liquid whereas a denser substance sinks in a less dense liquid.

Stones Ice Oil floats sink in water in water because because it is they less dense are denser than than water. water.

To compare the densities of liquids

mercury 13.6 g/cm3

petrol 0.75 g/cm3

0.75

1.0

water
1.0 g/cm3 13.6

To compare the densities of liquids

0.75

Petrol float on water because petrol is less dense than water and mercury.

1.0

water sink float below on mercury petrolbecause becausewater wateris is less dense more dense than than mercury. water. mercury sink to the bottom because mercury is more dense than petrol and water.

13.6

To compare the densities of liquids

Petrol float on water because petrol is less dense than water and mercury. 0.75

Water float on mercury because water is less dense than mercury. Water sink below petrol because water is more dense than water.
Mercury sink to the bottom because mercury is more dense than petrol and water.

1.0

13.6

To compare the densities of solids and liquids

cork 0.25 g/cm3 0.75 0.75 lead 1.0 1.0 13.6 13.6 11.4 g/cm3

wood
0.9 g/cm3

To compare the densities of solids and liquids

0.25 0.75 0.9 1.0 11.4 13.6

MATTER
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