7 Periods of Development

4) Adolescence
(prepubescence) (pubescence) (postpubecence)

10-18 yrs female 12-20 yrs male (2 yrs before onset) (4 yrs-hormones) (final 2 yrs)

5) Young adulthood 6) Middle adulthood

18-40 yrs 40-65 yrs

8 Periods of the Life Span

AGE PERIOD Young Adulthood
(20 to 40 yrs)

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
Physical health peaks, then declines slightly. Cognitive abilities assume more complexity. Decisions are made about intimate relationships. Most people marry, most become parents. Career choices are made.

10 Stages in the Life Span

7) PUBERTY or PREADOLESCENCE ten or twelve to thirteen or fourteen years 8) ADOLESCENCE thirteen or fourteen to eighteen years
9) EARLY ADULTHOOD - eighteen to forty years 10) MIDDLE AGE forty to sixty years 11) OLD AGE or SENESCENCE sixty years to death

Havighurts Developmental Tasks During The Life Span

Early Adulthood:
Getting started in an occupation
Selecting a mate Learning to live with a marriage partner

Starting a family
Rearing children Managing a home Taking a civic responsibility Finding a congenial social group

ADULTHOOD
adultus grown to full size and strength Individuals who have completed their

growth & are ready to assume their status in society. Subdivided into three stages:

Early adulthood ( 18 to 40 yrs)

Begin to loss reproductive capability Physical & mental decline Medical advances extends

Middle adulthood (middle age) 40 to 60 yrs

Late adulthood (old age) sixty to death

EARLY ADULTHOOD

Characteristics:
1) Settling down age - too early (career & life partner) leads to discontent - dependent on two factors: >how soon they find a suitable lifestyle that satisfies their present & future needs > the willingness to assume the responsibility

- once one decides upon the pattern of life that they think will meet their needs, they develop patterns of behavior, attitudes and values.
2) Reproductive age - parenthood

Early Adulthood

Characteristics:
3) Problem age
- difficulty adjustment: poor preparation/coping, multiple roles, no help in meeting/solving problems.

4) Period of Emotional Tension

- worries: work, marital or parenthood

5) Period of Social Isolation

- from friendliness of adolescence to competitiveness of the successful adult

6) Period of Commitments 7) Period of Dependency

- perpetual students

Early Adulthood

Characteristics:
8) Period of Value change
- some common reasons: a. acceptance in a social group ( appearance) (conventional values and behavior) b. being married or becoming a parent predisposes to being more socially conscious and concerned

9) Period of Adjustments to New lifestyles

- egalitarian vs. traditional sex roles; new family-life patterns, new vocational patterns

10) Creative age

DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS

Getting started with a occupation Selecting a mate Learning to live with a marriage partner Starting a family Rearing children Managing a home Finding civic responsibility Finding a congenial social group

Mastery of Developmental Tasks

Physical efficiency
- peaks mid-twenties, then slow gradual decline into forties

Motor abilities
- Peak strength between 20 & 30 yrs - Maximum speed of response between 20 & 25 yrs - Learning new motor skills, superior in early 20s

Mental abilities
- recall of previously learned material, reasoning by analogy, creative thinking peaks early 20s

Motivation Role model

regarded as independent adults - varies

INTERESTS in ADULTHOOD

Conditions that predispose to changes in interest:

Health condition Economic status Life patterns Values Sex-role changes Marital statue Assumption of parental role Preferences Cultural and environmental pressures

Interests In Adulthood
Personal interests

Appearance Acceptance of their physiques & maximizing it Wane in the late twenties due to pressures in business & family affairs, but resume once signs of aging set in (weight, sagging chins, graying hair, protruding abdomen) Clothes and personal adornment Improvement of appearance Indication of social status Individuality Socioeconomic success Sex appropriateness

Interests In Adulthood

Symbols of maturity Status Money Religion

Recreational Interests Activities that renews strength & refreshes spirit after toil or anxiety Talking , dancing, sports & games, entertaining, amusements, hobbies

SOCIAL MOBILITY
Moving from one social group to another Either social or vertical: Higher educational level Marriage to higher status person Family pull in the vocational world Acceptance & adoption of customs, values & symbols or the higher social group Money Transfer to a higher-status church

Social Mobility

Active participation in prestigious community affairs Graduation from a prestigious school or college Membership in one or more exclusive community clubs

Important Qualities of Adult Leaders

A high socioecenomic status A higher level of education than the majority of the group A realistic self-concept Realistic goals A high frustration tolerance The ability to express hostility tactfully The ability to accept succes or failure gracefully The ability & willingness to accept authority The ability & willingness to communicate with others A willingness to work for the group rather than self

SEX ROLE ADJUSTMENTS

Traditional vs Egalitarian concepts

Men

Male supremacy at home: wage earner, decision maker, adviser & disciplinarian of children; positions of authority & prestige outside the home. Works together in a companionship relationship, treats women as equals; not ashamed if wife has more prestigious or remunerative job.

Sex Role Adjustments

Women

Role is other-oriented, fulfillment is based on serving others. Not expected to work outside home except on cases of financial necessity, and then does work that serves others ( nursing, teaching or secretarial work. Able to actualize her own potentials without feeling guilty about using her abilities & training to achieve satisfaction, even if requires employing someone else to take care of home/children.

PERSONAL & SOCIAL HAZARDS

Physical hazards
- poor health; physical defects

Religious
- adjustments to new religious faith; mixed marriages

Social
- difficulty to be with a congenial social group; dissatisfaction with the role the social groups; social mobility

Sex-role
- Men: false practices to assert masculinity - Women: minority-group complex, trapped marriage

VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENTS
Common Attitudes: Society-maintaining Work Attitudes
- have little or no interests in their work per se & gain little personal satisfaction - paychecks is the main interest - regard jobs as heavy & unpleasant burdens, looks forward to retirement time

Ego-involving Work Attitudes

- derives great personal satisfaction; work is a basis of self-respect & sense of worth. - means of gaining prestige, a locus of social participation or source of intrinsic enjoyment or creative selfexpression. - may become preoccupied to the exclusion of other interests; dreads retirement.

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Marital Adjustments Parenthood Adjustments Singlehood Adjustments

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Marital Adjustments

Mate; Sexual; In-law Voluntary childlessness; Single parenthood

Parenthood Adjustments

Singlehood Adjustments

Reasons for singlehood; Effects of singlehood

FAMILY ADJUSTMENYS
Marital Adjustments: Mate

Conditions Contributing to Difficulties in Marital Adjustment: 1. limited preparation for marriage 2. roles in marriage 3. early marriage 4. Unrealistic concepts of marriage 5. mixed marriages 6. shortened courtships 7. romantic concepts of marriage 8. lack of identity

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Marital Adjustments: Mate

Factors Influencing Adjustment to a Mate: 1. Concept of an ideal mate 2. Fulfillment of needs 3. Similarity of backgrounds 4. Common interests 5. Similarity of values 6. Role concepts 7. Change in life pattern

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Marital Adjustments: Sex

Factors Influencing Sexual Adjustments: 1. Attitudes toward sex 2. Past sexual experiences 3. Sexual desire 4. Early marital sexual experiences 5. Attitudes toward use of contraceptives 6. Effects of vasectomy

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Marital Adjustments: In-laws

Factors Influencing In-laws Adjustments: 1. Stereotypes 2. Desire for independence 3. Family cohesiveness 4. Social mobility 5. Care of elderly relatives 6. Financial support of in-laws

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Marital Adjustments
Conditions Affecting Stability of Marriage: 1. Number of children 2. Social class 3. Similarity of background 4. Time of marriage 5. Reason of marriage 6. Time at which the couple become parents 7. Economic status 8. Parental model 9.Ordinal position in childhood family 10. Maintenance of identity

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Parenthood Adjustments Factors Influencing Adjustments to Parenthood: 1. Attitudes toward pregnancy 2. Attitudes toward parenthood 3. Age of parents 4. Sex of children 5. Number of children 6. Parental expectations 7. Feelings of parental adequacy 8. Attitudes toward changed roles 9.The childs temperament

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Parenthood Adjustments Reasons for Voluntary Childlessness: 1. Engrossing careers 2. Unwillingness to give up the established good life 3. Interracial or interreligious which will be handicaps to their children 4. Fear of inadequate income to give best for their children

Limited Number of Children: 1. Less disrupting to marital relationship 2. Unwillingness to give careers 3. Gratifications of parenthood & of personal interests

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Singlehood Adjustments
Reasons Why Young Adults Remain Single: 1) An unattractive or sex-inappropriate appearance 2) An incapacitating physical defect or prolonged illness 3) Unwillingness to assume responsibilities of marriage & parenthood 4) Pursue a career requiring working long & irregular hours or much traveling 5) Residence in community where sex ration is unbalanced 6) Lack of opportunity to meet eligible members of opposite sex 7) Responsibilities for aging parents or younger siblings

FAMILY ADJUSTMENTS
Singlehood Adjustments
Reasons Why Young Adults Remain Single: 8) Disillusionment as result of unhappy earlier family experiences 9)Sexual availability without marriage 10) An exciting lifestyle 11)Opportunity to rise on the vocational ladder 12) Freedom to change & experiment in work and lifestyle 13) Belief that social mobility is easier when single than married 14)Strong & satisfying friendships with member pf the same sex 15) Homosexuality

STUMBLING BLOCKS To MASTERY Of DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS Of EARLY ADULTHOOD

Inadequate foundations Physical handicaps Discontinuities in training Overprotectiveness Prolongation of Peer-group influence Unrealistic aspirations

HIGHLIGHTS
Vocational & family adjustments are difficult bec of limited

foundations on w/c to build adjustments to the newness of roles these adjustments require.

Major problems in vocational adjustment: selection

of vocation, achieving stability in the selection made & adjustment to work situations.
Increasing number of family-life patterns makes marital

adjustment difficult, esp when the family-life pattern that fits the individual needs differs from that approved by society.

Conditions contributing to difficulties in marital

adjustments: limited preparation for marriage, early marriages, unrealistic & romanticized concepts of marriage, mixed marriages, shortened courtships, lack of identity in marriage & marked role changes.

HIGHLIGHTS
Common adjustment problems in marriage:

adjustment to mate, sexual adjustment, financial and in-laws adjustment.

Parenthood is crises in individuals life bec necessitates

changes in attitudes, values & roles.

Factors influencing adjustment to parenthood:

attitude towards pregnancy & parenthood, age of parents, sex of children, parental expectations, feelings of parental adequacy, attitudes toward changed roles necessitated by parenthood and childs temperament.
Criteria assessing marital adjustment: happiness of husband

& wife, good parent-child relationships, good adjustments of children, ability to deal satisfactorily with disagreements, togetherness, good financial adjustments & good in-law adjustments.

HIGHLIGHTS
Effects of singlehood today are far less damaging

to both men and women than in the past. Most common & serious vocational hazards are job dissatisfaction & unemployment. Most common & serious marital hazards center around adjustment to a mate, competitiveness in the marital relationship, sexual adjustments, acceptance of family economic status & role changes, relationship with in-laws & adjustment to parenthood. 3 criteria for success of adjustment to adulthood: achievement in the vocation & life pattern chosen by the individual; degree of satisfaction derived from chosen vocation; success of personal adjustments