Pemeriksaan laboratorium dehidrasi

Prihatini Departemen Patologi Klinik FK-UWKS

Mengenal Cairan dan elektrolit

Bagian cairan tubuh terdiri

2/3 (65%) dari berat badan(TBW )terdiri cairan intrasel 1/3 air ektrasel
25 % cairan interstitial (ISF) 8 % dalam plasma (IVF intravascular fluid) 2 % in transcellular fluids CSF, intraocular fluids, serous membranes, and in GI, respiratory and urinary tracts

 Bagian cairan dipisahkan dgn membran yg bebas dilaluiair Gerakan cairan tgt tekanan (hydrostatic pressure )& ( osmotic pressure)

Keseimbangan cairan
Cairan & elektrolit Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis dipelihara dlm tubuh Keseimbangan netral (Neutral balance): input = output Keseimbangan Positif (Positive balance): input > output Keseimbangan negatif(Negative balance): input < output

Solutes dissolved particles

Electrolytes charged particles
Cations positively charged
Na+, K+ , Ca++, H+

Anions
Cl-, HCO3- , PO43-

Non-electrolytes - Uncharged
Proteins, urea, glucose, O2, CO2

 Cairan tubuh terdiri : Muatan elektrik netral (Electrically neutral) Pemeliharaan osmotik (Osmotically maintained) Jumlah partikel per volume cairan(Specific number of particles per volume of fluid)

Homeostasis maintained by:

Ion transport Water movement Kidney function

MW (Molecular Weight) = sum of the weights of atoms in a molecule mEq (milliequivalents) = MW (in mg)/ valence mOsm (milliosmoles) = number of particles in a solution

Tonicity
Isotonic

Hypertonic
Hypotonic

Cell in a hypertonic solution

Cell in a hypotonic solution

Movement of body fluids Where sodium goes, water follows. Diffusion movement of particles down a concentration gradient.
Osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Active transport movement of particles up a concentration gradient ; requires energy

ICF to ECF osmolality changes in ICF not rapid

IVF ISF IVF happens constantly due to changes in fluid pressures and osmotic forces at the arterial and venous ends of capillaries

Regulation of body water

ADH antidiuretic hormone + thirst
Decreased amount of water in body Increased amount of Na+ in the body Increased blood osmolality Decreased circulating blood volume

Stimulate osmoreceptors in hypothalamus ADH released from posterior pituitary Increased thirst

Result: increased water consumption increased water conservation Increased water in body, increased volume and decreased Na+ concentration

Decreased amount of water in body Increased amount of Na+ in the body Increased blood osmolality Decreased circulating blood volume Can also be due to dysfunction or trauma

Edema is the accumulation of fluid

within the interstitial spaces

increased hydrostatic pressure

lowered plasma osmotic pressure increased capillary membrane

permeability
lymphatic channel obstruction

Hydrostatic pressure increases due to: Venous obstruction: thrombophlebitis (inflammation of veins)

hepatic obstruction
tight clothing on extremities

prolonged standing
Salt or water retention congestive heart failure renal failure

Decrease plasma osmotic pressure:

plasma albumin (liver disease or protein malnutrition) plasma proteins lost in : glomerular diseases of kidney hemorrhage, burns, open wounds & cirrhosis of liver

Increased capillary permeability:

Inflammation

immune responses
Lymphatic channels blocked: surgical removal

lymphedema

Fluid accumulation:
increases distance for diffusion

may impair blood flow

= slower healing

increased risk of healing

pressure sores over bony prominences

Edema of specific organs can be life threatening (larynx, brain, lung)

Water is trapped, unavailable for metabolic processes. Can result in dehydration & shock. (severe burns)

Electrolyte balance
Na + (Sodium)

90 % of total ECF cations 136 -145 mEq / L Pairs with Cl- , HCO3- to neutralize charge Low in ICF Most important ion in regulating water balance

Regulation of Sodium
Renal tubule reabsorption affected by hormones:
Aldosterone Renin/angiotensin Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Potassium
Major intracellular cation ICF conc. = 150- 160 mEq/ L Resting membrane potential Regulates fluid, ion balance inside cell pH balance

Regulation of Potassium
Through kidney Aldosterone Insulin

Isotonic alterations in water balance

Occur when TBW changes are accompanied by = changes in electrolytes Loses plasma or ECF Isotonic fluid loss ECF volume, weight loss, dry skin and mucous membranes, urine output, and hypovolemia ( rapid heart rate, flattened neck veins, and normal or B.P. shock)

 Isotonic fluid excess

Excess IV fluids Hypersecretion of aldosterone Effect of drugs cortisone Get hypervolemia weight gain, decreased hematocrit, diluted plasma proteins, distended neck veins, B.P. Can lead to edema ( capillary hydrostatic pressure) pulmonary edema and heart failure

Electrolyte imbalances
Sodium
Hypernatremia Plasma Na+ > 145 mEq / L Due to Na + or water Water moves from ICF ECF Cells dehydrate

 Due to:
Hypertonic IV soln. Oversecretion of aldosterone Loss of pure water Long term sweating with chronic fever Respiratory infection water vapor loss Diabetes polyuria Insufficient intake of water

Clinical manifestations
Thirst Lethargy Neurological dysfunction due to dehydration of brain cells

Treatment
Lower serum Na+ Isotonic salt-free IV fluid

Hyponatremia
Overall decrease in Na+ in ECF Two types: depletional and dilutional Depletional
Na+ loss: diuretics, chronic vomiting Chronic diarrhea Decreased aldosterone Decreased Na+ intake

 Dilutional
Renal dysfunction with intake of hypotonic fluids Excessive sweating increased thirst intake of excessive amounts of pure water Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) or oliguric renal failure, severe congestive heart failure, cirrhosis all lead to: Impaired renal excretion of water

Hyperglycemia attracts water

Clinical manifestations
Neurological symptoms
Lethargy, confusion, apprehension, depressed reflexes, seizures and coma

Hypokalemia
Serum K+ < 3.5 mEq /L Beware if diabetic
Insulin gets K+ into cell Ketoacidosis H+ replaces K+, which is lost in urine

Causes of hypokalemia
Decreased intake of K+ Increased K+ loss
Chronic diuretics Acid/base imbalance

Clinical manifestations
Neuromuscular disorders
Weakness, flaccid paralysis, respiratory arrest, constipation

Dysrhythmias Postural hypotension Cardiac arrest

Treatment Increase K+ intake, but slowly

Hyperkalemia
Serum K+ > 5.5 mEq / L Check for renal disease Massive cellular trauma Insulin deficiency Addisons disease Decreased blood pH

Clinical manifestations
Early hyperactive muscles Late - Muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis Change in ECG pattern Dysrhythmias Bradycardia , heart block, cardiac arrest

Treatment
Insulin + glucose Bicarbonate Ca++ counters effect on heart

Calcium Imbalances
Most in ECF
Regulated by: Parathyroid hormone Blood Ca++ by stimulating osteoclasts GI absorption and renal retention Calcitonin from the thyroid gland Promotes bone formation renal excretion

Hypercalcemia
Results from: Hyperparathyroidism Hypothyroid states Renal disease Excessive intake of vitamin D Malignant tumors hypercalcemia of malignancy Tumor products promote bone breakdown Tumor growth in bone causing Ca++ release

Hypercalcemia
Usually also see hypophosphatemia Effects:
Many nonspecific fatigue, weakness, lethargy Increases formation of kidney stones Muscle cramps Bradycardia, cardiac arrest Pain GI activity also common
Nausea Abdominal cramps Diarrhea / constipation

Metastatic calcification

Hypocalcemia
Hyperactive neuromuscular reflexes and tetany differentiate it from hypercalcemia Convulsions in severe cases Caused by:
Lack of vitamin D Suppression of parathyroid function Hypersecretion of calcitonin Malabsorption states Abnormal intestinal acidity Widespread infection or peritoneal inflammation