Gross Brain Overview: Part II

Basic Neuroscience James H. Baos, Ph.D.

Overview

Organization
Morphology Developmental/Evolutionary Cytoarchitectural

3-D Orientation to Internal Structures

How do we organize and characterize different parts of the brain?

How do we organize and characterize different parts of the brain?

Morphology Developmental/Evolutionary Origins Cytoarchitecture Function

Morphology: External Features

Frog

Rat

Whats changing?
Cat

Monkey Human

Sulci - The valleys on the surface of the brain Gyri - The Hills

The term gyrus is sometimes used broadly and doesnt always refer to a single well-defined ridge on the surface of the brain. The distinctions between large gyri are sometimes better seen in coronal sections.

Hemispheres

Longitudinal Fissure

Lobes
Central (Rolandic) Sulcus

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

Parieto-occipital fissure

Lobes
Frontal
Parietal Temporal Occipital

Cingulate Gyrus Limbic Lobe

Brain Stem
Thalamus Hypothalamus

Midbrain
Pons Medulla

Cerebellum: Superior Aspect

2 Hemispheres Vermis

Ant

Cerebellum: Posterior Aspect

Anterior Lobe Primary Fissure Posterior Lobe

Hemisphere

Vermis Hemisphere

Cerebellum: Mid-Saggital

Anterior Vermis

Posterior Vermis

Developmental and Evolutionary Origins: The Cephalons

Developmental Origins
Three Vessicle Stage

Areas of the Brain can be characterized by the embryonic origins of the tissue. Nervous system begins as a tube that differentiates into three vessicles:

Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon

Developmental Origins

Prosencephalon differentiates:

Five Vessicle Stage

Telencephalon -- beginnings of hemispheres Diencephalon

Rhombencehphalon differentiates

Metencephalon Meyelencephalon

We use this terminology to describe the parts of the brain that develop from these vessicles

Developmental Origins

Prosencephalon (forebrain) Telencephalon (endbrain) Cerebral Cortex Basal Ganglia Limbic System Hippocampus Diencephalon (interbrain) Thalamus Hypothalamus

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Metencephalon Myelencephalon

Mesencephalon

Midbrain

Cerebellum Pons

Medulla

Organization

Telencephalon
Cortex Basal Ganglia Limbic System Hippocampus

Organization

Diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus

Organization

Mesencephalon

Midbrain

Organization

Metencephalon
Cerebellum Pons

Organization

Myelencephalon

Medulla

Cytoarchitectural Organization

Brodmanns Areas

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Internal Structure

Major Internal Structures

Ventricular System Amygdala (helpful landmark) Thalamus/Hypothalamus/brain stem Basal Ganglia

Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Hippocampus Fimbria Fornix Corpus callosum Internal capsule

Hippocampal formation

Major white matter landmarks

Evolution and Development

Frog

Rat

Cat

Monkey Human

Evolution and Development

Frog

Rat

Cat

Monkey Human

Evolution and Development

Ventricles Basal Ganglia

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Hippocampus

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Evolution and Development

Why not the thalamus?

The Ventricular System

Ventricles

Lateral Ventricles

Third Ventricle

Fourth Ventricle

Ventricles

Ventricles are connected (communicate)

Intraventricular Foramina (of Monroe)

Lateral Ventricles to Third Ventricle Wide, oval hole Third Ventricle to Fourth Long, thin channel Median aperture -- Fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space Lateral apertures -- Fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)

Foramen of Magendie

Foramina of Luschka

Ventricles

Foramen of Monroe Aqueduct of Sylvius

Foramina of Luschka Foramen of Magendie

Ventricles

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Ventricles

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Ventricles

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Ventricles

Choroid Plexus and CSF

Choroid Plexus
Spongy tissue located in the ventricles Rich capillary bed Pia Mater Choroid endothelial cells

Produces CSF
About .35 ml per minute Total volume 70-120 ml

Choroid Plexus

CSF Flow

Lateral ventricles Foramina of Monroe 3rd ventricle Aqueduct of Sylvius 4th Ventricle Foramen of Magendie/foramina of Lushka Subarachnoid Space Arachnoid granulations (absorption) Superior sagittal sinus

CSF Flow

CSF Absorption

CSF flows to the dorsal surface of the brain, where arachnoid granulations form a one-way valve and let the excess CSF enter the veinous drainage of the superior sagittal sinus

CSF Absorption

Arachnoid Granulations

Ventricular System plus Amygdala

Ventricular System plus Thalamus

Ventricular System plus Thalamus

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Ventricles, Brainstem, and Thalamus

Ventricles, Brainstem, and Thalamus

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Basal Ganglia -- Caudate Nucleus

Basal Ganglia

Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Sometimes Amygdala

Basal Ganglia -- Caudate Nucleus

Basal Ganglia -- Caudate Nucleus

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Basal Ganglia -- Caudate Nucleus

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Basal Ganglia -- Putamen & Globus Pallidus

Basal Ganglia -- Putamen & Globus Pallidus

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Basal Ganglia

Basal Ganglia

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Basal Ganglia

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Internal Capsule

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Hippocampus

Hippocampal formation Fimbria Fornix Anterior Commissure Amygdala

Hippocampus

Hippocampus

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Coming up

Spinal cord Basic Spinal Pathways