ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH

This chapter includes issues

Ethics in research Plagiarism Avoiding Plagiarism Citation and Referencing

WHAT IS MEANT BY ETHICS.......

Ethics defines what is or is not legitimate to do, or what moral research procedures involve. Ethics are norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our relationship with others.

Ethics are dictated by the norms of the society

Three parties involved in research; the researcher, the sponsoring client and the respondent

For each of the partys right there is obligation binding researcher

No one is harmed or suffers consequences from research.

Researcher
Client Respondent

Violating non-disclosure agreements

Breaking respondent confidentiality

Misrepresenting results Deceiving people Involving irregularities

Avoiding legal liability

And more also

RESPONDENT SAFEGUARDED
Physical harm

Discomfort
Pain Embarrassment Loss of privacy

FOR SAFEGUARD
Explain study benefits

Explain respondent rights

Obtain consent

DECEPTION
Only the part of the truth is being told to the respondent
Prevent biasing
Prevent the confidentiality of the third party

Must not be used to increase the response rate

APA- use of deception is inappropriate if: Not justified by the study Alternatives can be used

INFORMED CONSENT
Fully disclosing the procedures of the proposed survey

From parents if respondent are children

Mostly oral consent is sufficient but in some cases written is good i.e in medical field

DEBRIEFING
Explanation of deception

Description of the hypothesis goal and purpose

Post study sharing of results

INFORMED CONSENT PROCEDURES FOR RESEARCH

Introduce yourself Survey topics Geographic area Sponsor Purpose Time for completion Anonymity and privacy Voluntary participation Non response item- acceptable Permission to begin

 Assalamo Alakum- my name is Prof. Majid Ali from Hailey College of commerce University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan. I am surveying Hailey College students to their opinion about marking paper standards. This study is sponsored by university of the Punjab research center and its results will be used to improve the marking standard in the different department in the university. This survey takes about 10 minutes. Your participation is anonymous and voluntary and your answers will be kept secret. We will skip to the next question if you dont feel you can answer. So, if you are ready, I will continue.

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF RESPONDENT

Not to be harmed Informed consent

Confidentiality and anonymity

Researcher should avoid conflict of interest Observation issues In case of volunteer for research their written consent is not necessary Research purpose must be explained to respondent Participant can withdraw at any time Participants belief must be respected Contact names and numbers should be provided in case of any query

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF RESEARCHER

Some key issues expressed by any code of ethics
Purpose of research is research

Objectivity
Misrepresenting research Maintaining confidentiality of both respondents and clients Dissemination of false conclusions/ethical reporting

Researcher should avoid conflicts of interest

Suggestions for researcher to maintain confidentiality

Information handling Data should be stored in such a way that respondents name is not mentioned

Data should be stored at secure place

Written permission should be taken from respondents to disclose confidential information Client of research should be provided with aggregate result

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF CLIENT

General business ethics apply between client and researcher To make/enable researcher provide actual answer of the question

Conclusions should be drawn from the data

Proper utilization of research

ISSUE OF PLAGIARISM AND ETHICS......

Plagiarism is an act of fraud It involves both stealing and lying afterwards Plagiarism may include
turning in someone elses work as your own copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit

failing to put a quotation in quotation marks

giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit

copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on fair use rules)

Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided by proper citing.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM......
Sources not cited
The Ghost Writer

The Photocopy
The Potluck paper The Poor Disguise The Labor of Laziness The Self-stealer

When sources are cited (but still plagiarized)

The forgotten footnote

The misinformer
The too perfect paraphrase The resource-full citer The Perfect Crime

"The Ghost Writer" The writer turns in another's work, word-for-word, as his or her own.

"The Photocopy" The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration.
"The Potluck Paper" The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing. "The Poor Disguise" Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper's appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases. "The Labor of Laziness" The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work. "The Self-Stealer" The writer "borrows" generously from his or her previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institutions.

SOURCES CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

"The Forgotten Footnote" The writer mentions an author's name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. This often masks other forms of plagiarism by obscuring source locations. "The Misinformer" The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. "The Too-Perfect Paraphrase" The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text that has been copied word -forword, or close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and interpretation of the information. "The Resourceful Citer" The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! It is sometimes difficult to spot this form of plagiarism because it looks like any other well-researched document. "The Perfect Crime" Well, we all know it doesn't exist. In this case, the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. This way, the writer tries to pass off the paraphrased material as his or her own analysis of the cited material.

CITATION, REMEDY FOR PLAGIARISM......

Citation is a way to tell reader that certain material in your work came from any other source. It includes..
information about the author the title of the work the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source the date your copy was published the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Why citation is necessary

Helps reader to find out the original source Citing will avoid you to take some bad idea from research Citation sources show the amount of research you have done

Citation strengthens your ideas as supported by others work as well

CITATION, REMEDY FOR PLAGIARISM......CONTD

Citation is required
Whenever you use quotes

Whenever you paraphrase

Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another Whenever someone elses work has been critical in developing your own ideas.

HOW TO CITE..........?????
Way of citation may vary according to discipline Citing for the first times in your research...
Milan Kundera, in his book The Art of the Novel , suggests that if the novel should really disappear, it will do so not because it has exhausted its powers but because it exists in a world grown alien to it.

If you are continuing work of same author it is not necessary to cite it again in forthcoming sentence/s.

If author is not renowned/researcher dont know author/cant get information about author
In an essay presented at an Asian Studies conference held at Duke University, Sheldon Garon analyzes the relation of state, labor-unions, and small businesses in Japan between the 1950s and 1980s.

QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING........

Quoting
Taking exact words from original source is called quoting For every line you quote, you should have at least two lines analyzing it. If you have to modify the words or format of quotation then dont change too many words
The citizen -investor serves his fellow citizens badly by his inclination to withdraw from the community. He tends to serve himself badly as well. He does so by focusing his pursuit of happiness on something that very seldom makes people happy in the way they expect it to.

You can use editing symbol for quoting it..

He tends to serve himself badly. . . by focusing his pursuit of happiness on [money].

Minor changes are acceptable while quoting, but it should no change sense or content.

Paraphrasing
Summarizing the main idea of other researcher to make it presentable according to your research.

LISTING REFERENCES.......
Bibliography
List of all sources that have been used in research process
The authors names
The titles of the works The names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources

The dates your copies were published

Relevant page numbers (optional)

Annotated Bibliography
Information is followed by a brief description of the content, quality and usefulness of the source.

Foot notes
Placed at the bottom of the page

CITATION STYLES.......
Documentary-Note style
Using foot notes and end notes for citation
environmental reform in Alaska in the 1970s accelerated rapidly as the result of pipeline expansion 1. (1Foot/end note- Prof. Scott 1999, book name, p.23 )

Parenthetical style
Reference to source are made within body of work itself
Professor Scott asserts that environmental reform in Alaska in the 1970s accelerated rapidly as the result of pipeline expansion. (Scott 1999, 23)

CITATION STYLES IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES....

Citation styles according to discipline.

Humanities
Chicago MLA (Modern Language Association) Turabian

Science
ACS (American chemical society) AMA (American medical association) CBE (Council of Biology Editors) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) NLM (National Library of Medicine) Vancouver

Social Sciences
AAA (American anthropological Association)

 Types of plagiarism

DELIBERATE PLAGIARISM
This needs little explanation because it is the simple - and totally wrong - act of attempting to pass off someone else's work as your own.

PARAPHRASING
A little more strategic, this one - basically, you read a few texts, write down a few key sentences, change the words around, throw in a few quotes and citations to throw your tutor off the scent and 'hey presto' you have the perfect essay, right? Wrong! Your tutors have read those books and seen this scam before. As with the first example, this type of plagiarism can only be done deliberately and it won't work.

PATCHWORK PARAPHRASING
Much as above, except that you've read and stolen from more books and 'patched' them together - easily detectable, deliberate and definitely deceitful, aided and abetted by online plagiarism!

BLUFFING
Reading texts, selecting key phrases and then writing around them so that they seem different but are actually the same - this type of plagiarism is bluffing in the worst way because you are pretending ownership of ideas in order to fool others into thinking you know more than you do.

STITCHING SOURCES
This type of plagiarism is within the 'grey zone' because all the sources used are usually correctly cited but the student needs to develop analytical skills to enable them to work effectively and produce work that is truly their own. So, this is still plagiarism but probably accidental and due to inexperience.

USING A COPY OF YOUR OWN WORK

This one may surprise you because plagiarism of this type is not based on stealing the work of others but on reworking your own. You know the scenario, you have covered the topic or topics before, gained a good grade and are now short on time so you think you'll piece them together and produce a successful amalgam. Unfortunately, you can't get two grades (or degrees) for the same work so even if this is done in innocence, it is still classed as plagiarism.

 According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own to use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward.

But can words and ideas really be stolen?

QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING

Definition

Why to quote?
Difference How often should I quote? Quoting within quote. How to include long quote?
Font style and size Double indent Left justify Do not use quotation marks Line spacing