Section 2: Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics= change of energy (heat/warmth) in work and reverse) water vapour temperature stability

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radiosonde
temperature T TSK humidity Td pressure height wind*
transmitter

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Thermodynamical diagram (TEMP)

500

pressure
600

wet adiabatic
700

temperature
800

dry adiabatic
pressure

900 1000 2 4 0 C 6 10 C 10 20 C 20 30 30 g/kg

mixing ratio

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Change of state of aggregation

From higher density to lower density = Energy neaded (+)

From lower density to higher density = Energy release (-)

solid

-E +E +E
liquid

-E

+E

gas

-E

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Water: Ice
solid
freeze Deposit (in meteo* sublimation) Evaporate Sublime evaporate

melt

liquid

gas
condens

Water

Vapour

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Max. watervapour E
hPa

T = 15 C

e
30

E = 17 hPa

SATURATED
20 17

e = 11 hPa

Td = 8 C
Rh = 11/17*100%

11 10

UNSATURATED
-10 0

= 65 %
C

8 10

15

20

30

T
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E
hPa

dampdruk

ONDERKOELD WATER IJS

0C

t
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de grootte van

E is afhankelijk van

DE TEMPERATUUR

DE KROMMING VAN HET WATEROPPERVLAK

DE AANWEZIGHEID VAN NIET OPGELOSTE STOFFEN

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VERLOOP VAN DE DAMPSPANNING BOVEN EEN WATEROPPERVLAK

e E Water

Er is altijd een zeer dun laagje boven een wateroppervlak waar de relatieve vochtigheid (Rh=Relative Humidity) 100% is: E Het water wil verdampen (Saturate): De moleculen springen eruit!

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Gaswet Boyle/Gay-Lussac droge lucht:

p 3e 1 RT 8p
Vochtige lucht:

density(kg / m3 )
p pressure ( Pa N / m 2 ) T temperature( K ) R const. for air e watervapour (hPa)

p 3e 1 RT 8p
Dry air is more heavy than moist air
e> <
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Measuring watervapour in the air psychrometer

hPa e

E
T Tw(ater)

Dry Bulb=
Droge bol

Wet Bulb=
Natte bol
16

8 Td

12 Tw

15 T

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Moisture parameters
wetbulb temperature (Tw) watervapour pressure (e) dewpointtemperature (Td) (wordt bepaald via Tw) mixing ratio (x) amount of watervapour in gr/kg dry air Relative humidity can be influenced by: 1. Rising/dropping of temperature

2. More/less watervapour
3. Combination 1 & 2
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Adiabatic processes*
Process in which rising air is cooling due to the expanding of the air, or warming due to compressing by descending.

No heat exchange with surrounding !!

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Dry Adiabatic Laps Rate =

DALR

Saturated Adiabatic Laps Rate =

SALR

12

20

Dry* air: ALWAYS!! 3C/1000 ft ~ 1 100 m

Saturated*air: VARYING !!
0 5000 ft: 1.8 (2)**C/1000 ft ~ 0,6 100 m 5000-TROP: 2-3* C/1000 ft
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High in troposhere: 1. Low temperatures, cold

2. Cold air cant hold moist

DALR SALR

Conclusion:

DALR reaches SALR !!!

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Dauwpuntskromme (Td) Vocht

Temperatuurkromme = TSK (ELR) Toestandskromme of

Environmental
Lapse Rate ELR
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Tropopause

100% HUMID =

CLOUDS

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Oefeningetje 1) T surface 2) Td surface

33000ft 10.000m T = -54

3) 0-degree level (FZL*)

4) T, Td en RV op 500hPa (ca 18000 ft) 5) Height of Tropopause (km and ft) RV 1: 2= 50% T = -18

Td = -28

8000 ft Ca. 2500m

FZL

6) T at tropopause
Td = 11
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T = 15
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Stability in atmosphere

Stability in the atmosphere unstable

stable

indifferent
or Neutral

parcel of air returns

parcel of air continues

tto riseto r

stable

unstable
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indifferent
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Stability in atmosphere

Stability in the atmosphere unstable

stable

indifferent
or Neutral

parcel of air returns

parcel of air continues

tto riseto r

stable

unstable
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indifferent
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Stability in atmosphere

Stability in the atmosphere unstable

stable

indifferent
or Neutral

parcel of air returns

parcel of air continues

tto riseto r

stable

unstable
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indifferent
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Boek: fig 2.10

LCL (Lifting Condensation Level) 1. 2. Warm air rises Td decreases via mixing ratio line

Follow mixing ratio through Td

3.
4.

T decreases via DALR

Point they meet: Condensation=LCL

Follow DALR through T

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VERTICALE EVENWICHTSTOESTANDEN ONDERZOEKEN MET EEN THERMODYNAMISCH DIAGRAM We maken een paar afspraken: We stellen ons in gedachten een pakketje lucht voor, waar geen omhulling omheen zit. We stellen ons voor dat we dit pakketje lucht omhoog en omlaag kunnen bewegen. We kunnen het pakketje op elk willekeurig niveau aanpakken. De processen verlopen droog- of verzadigd adiabatisch. roge lucht is onverzadigde lucht, waar w waterdamp in kan zitten.

DFA versie aug2004

Adiabatics and stability

17

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Stable for dry adiabatic process

Take airbell on TSK (ELR) move airbell upwards along dryadiabatic Airbell colder(heavier) than TSK airbell will return to its starting position TSK
900 1000

500

600

700

800

air is stable

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unstable for dry adiabatic process

500

take

airbell on TSK

600

move airbell upwards along dryadiabatic

airbell warmer(less heavy) than TSK airbell will move further upwards

700

800

900 1000

air is unstable
2 0 4 6 10 10 20 20 30 30

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indifferent for dry adiabatic process

500

take airbell on TSK

600

move airbell upwards along dry adiabatic

airbells T remains the same temperature as environment: so same density/weight airbell remains at same level
2 0 4 6 10 10 20 20 30 30

700

800

900 1000

air is indifferent (neutral) for dry air

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stable for saturated adiabatic process

500

take airbell on TSK

600

move airbell upwards along saturated adiabatic

airbell colder(heavier) than TSK airbell will return to its starting position air is stable for saturated air

700

800

900 1000 2 0 4 6 10 10 20 20 30 30

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unstable for saturated adiabatic process

500

take airbell on TSK

600

move airbell upwards along saturated adiabatic

airbell warmer(less heavy) than TSK airbell will move further upwards air is unstable for saturated air

700

800

900 1000 2 0 4 6 10 10 20 20 30 30

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indifferent for saturated adiabatic process

500

take airbell on TSK

600

move airbell upwards along saturated adiabatic

airbells T remains the same temperature as environment: so same density/weight airbell remains at same level
2 0 4 6 10 10 20 20 30 30

700

800

900 1000

air is indifferent for saturated air

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exercise

On the thermodynimical diagram we take several temperatures at different levels and try to conclude if the layer between two levels is stable, unstable or indifferent for dry and for saturated air.
1. 1000 hPa: 18C) > 2. 900 hPa: 20C) > 3. 800 hPa: 8C) > 4. 700 hPa: -2C ) > 5. 600 hPa: -9C ) > 6. 500 hPa: -20C) >layer 6 layer 5 layer 4 layer 3 layer 2 layer 1

7.

400 hPa: -40C)

> layer 7 300 hPa: -40C

8.

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Layer 1:
-10 0 10 20 30

stable for dry air stable for saturated air absolute stable

300

Layer 2:

unstable for dry air unstable for saturated air absolute unstable

Layer 7
400

Layer 3: indifferent for dry air

Layer 6
500

unstable for saturated air Layer 4: stable for dry air

Layer 5
600

indifferent for saturated air Layer 5: stable for dry air

Layer 4
700

unstable for saturated air conditional stable

Layer 3
800 900

Layer 6: unstable for dry air unstable for saturated air

Layer 2
Layer 1

absolute unstable
Layer 7: stable for dry air stable for saturated air absolute stable 37

1000 0 10 20 30

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DE TSK VERLOOPT STABIEL VOOR DROOG- EN NATADIABATISCHE PROCESSEN: ABSOLUUT STABIEL

S U M M

A
R Y
Blz 2-15
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DE TSK VERLOOPT ONSTABIEL VOOR DROOG- EN NATADIABATISCHE PROCESSEN: ABSOLUUT ONSTABIEL

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DE TSK VERLOOPT STABIEL VOOR EEN DROOG-, MAAR ONSTABIEL VOOR EEN NATADIABATSCICH PROCES: VOORWAARDELIJK (ON)STABIEL

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Potential instability fig.:2.18

Temp: Onderin nat. Bovenin droog

Td T
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Potential instability

In layered clouds EMBD (Embedded) CBs

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Changing stability by

1) Diurnal variation of Temperature

ELR

10

13

15

19

2) Advection* of Warm or Cold air

WAA

h No advection

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Changing stability by 3) Turbulence (=mixing)

FRICTION-INVERSION
ELRTSK inversion

DALR

Wind

4) Vertical movement by Divergence or Convergence

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Subidence Inversion

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SAMENDRUKKEN VAN EEN LUCHTLAAG TIJDENS SUBSIDENTIE

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