Wat doet de wind?

En waarom.?
CAE NLS TB sect7 1

CAE NLS TB sect7

7. Jetstreams. A band of strong winds > 60kt

7.1 Thermische wind (Vth)
Pressure
850 hPa 700 hPa 500 hPa 400 hPa 300 hPa 250 hPa 200 hPa 150 hPa

Kennen! Blz 1-27

T (15-2xFL/10)
+5 -5 -21 -33 -45 -53 -56,5

height in FL
FL50 FL100 FL180 FL240 FL300 FL340 FL390 FL450

Tropopause

CAE NLS TB sect7

-56,5
3

Wind at certain FL due to pressure difference in horizontal level

Pressure difference of 5 hPa in upperair gives not the same velocity !!!!!
1 dp Fg . dx

v geo

Fg 2.. sin

Fc 2.v.. sin

decreases with height Vgeo changes with height by same pressure difference
CAE NLS TB sect7 4

Isohyps = line of same pressure AND same altitude. Intersection lines of one pressure sfc with horizontal planes In reality
Flying from A to C till H true alt. increases from H to C true alt. decreases still flying in the 500 hPa surface (FL180) !!! first wind from SB, later wind from port

Flying from A to B along the isohypses of 552 dam means:

* Flying at constant true altitude of 5520 m

* Flying in the 500 hPa pressure surface * Flying with tail wind CAE (NH), in general with no cross wind. NLSand TB sect7 5

CAE NLS TB sect7

300 hPa contours

L 9280 m true X 9520 m true

Dif: 240 m
X = 240 higher Still on 300 hPa surface = FL300

Fly from L to X on 300 hPa surface (FL 300!) What happens?

CAE NLS TB sect7

Thickness lines connect points with equal distance between two layers

If difference between 2 layers

thicker than standard warm air thinner than standard cold air 300 hPa

Cold
500 hPa
CAE NLS TB sect7

Warm

 NH, sloping pressure surface (300 hPa)

Pressure at B > A
Pressure at B > A so Vgeo from B to A

Windspeed depending on hook Alpha!

Wind ? A 300 hPa = p constant h constant A
CAE NLS TB sect7

Vgeo

Cold
B

Warm

Now we see the isohypses act like isobars!

More gradient = more sloping = more wind!

Close together = more wind !!

More slope!!

CAE NLS TB sect7

10

Thermal wind (VT) Thermal wind is a vector(not a real wind) wich gives the difference between the Vgeo at the bottom of a layer and the Vgeo at the top of a layer.

VT Vtop Vbase
-Vbase VT

(Verschil-vector!)

Vtop VT Vbase

Verbind pijlpunten van onder naar bovenOB

= Vt

CAE NLS TB sect7

11

The thermal wind is parallel to the isotherms of mean temperature in the layer (or to the thickness lines) with the cold air (low mean temperature or low thickness) to the left if we have the thermal wind in the back and the warm air (high mean temperature or high thickness) to the right, in the N.H.

What is the real wind doing?

CAE NLS TB sect7 12

Advection of cold or warm air (NH)

In a layer.!!!

What is this real wind doing? (base to top)

What is this real wind doing? (base to top)

CAE NLS TB sect7 13

Cold advection CA=KA

CAE NLS TB sect7

14

Thermal wind and the Westerlies at moderate latitudes.

VT on the northern hemisphere is west because temperature decreases from equator to north pole 800 hPa VT = Vtop - Vbase 900 hPa

Vtop = Vbase + VT
V1000 V900 VT V900 V800 VT

1000 hPa

Conclusion: wind increases with height and becomes mainly westerly at higher levels when VT is normally directed (positive!)
CAE NLS TB sect7 15

Vertical shear VT is positive: VT is negative:

Normal situation

Is not rare.!

CAE NLS TB sect7

16

Diktekaart-thermische windadvectie

Warmte- en kou-advectie Ruimen en krimpen van de wind met de hoogte.

CAE NLS TB sect7 17

Dun

KOU LINKS

NP
Koud
Vth NH Warm Warm Vth ZH Koud

Dik

ZP
KOU RECHTS
CAE NLS TB sect7 18

Vth=Vboven -Vonder
Aannemen:

Diktelijnen lopen // aan de isothermen, DUS:

Vth waait // isothermen (op NH kou links) (op NH warmte rechts)

CAE NLS TB sect7

19

Vth=Vboven -Vonder Vth

-Vo R

Vb Vth Vo

Dus teken van pijlpunt Vo naar pijlpunt Vb

VAN

ONDER NAAR BOVEN (OB)

CAE NLS TB sect7 20

Vth=Vboven -Vonder
300hPa
Vbo Vbo

500hPa
VOnd

Vth VOnd

CAE NLS TB sect7

21

A
Vo

CAE NLS TB sect7

22

Positie A (dia 22)

Koude kant Vth

Vb
(500hPa)

Warme kant
Vo

Bij A is KOU-ADVECTIE
A Vo

500hPa wind

CAE NLS TB sect7

CAE NLS TB sect7 20

23

Positie B (dia 22)

Koude kant

Vb
(500hPa)

Warme kant
Vo

Bij B is WARMTE-ADVECTIE
A Vo

500hPa wind

CAE NLS TB sect7

CAE NLS TB sect7 20

24

Samenvatting:
1) Thermische wind waait // isothermen Op NH kou links, warmte rechts Op ZH andersom Echte wind NH: 2) Krimpen naar boven= Kou-advectie 3) Ruimen naar boven = Warmte advectie 4) Als temperatuurverdeling meewerkt (Vth is positief) neemt de wind van beneden naar boven TOE! (anders af!!)
CAE NLS TB sect7 25

Uitleg Jetstream

CAE NLS TB sect7

26

The jetstream
Definition: Jet streams are strong, narrow currents of air with speeds greater than 60kts. They are characterized by strong horizontal and vertical windshear.

Velocity in center(the jet core):

General about Over North Atlantic and Europe*: Over north west Pacific in winter: 100 kts 200 kts > 300 kts

A jet stream is usually some thousands of kms in length, hundreds of kms in width and some kms in depth. CAE NLS TB sect7 27

Lenght scale: in this case 30 x 60 nm ~ 3500km

CAE NLS TB sect7

28

Stornoway

Horizontal scale: in this case 7x60 nm ~ 800 km

CAE NLS TB sect7

29

Vertical scale Jetstream Ca. 20.000ft 6 km in this case Maxwind? Level?

CAE NLS TB sect7

30

Cross section of a jet stream:

Ca 5 km

Ca 500 km And a few thousends km long..

CAE NLS TB sect7

31

Noordelijke Zomer
zwakker, noorderlijker

geen arctische jet

Equatoriale jet uit oosten!

CAE NLS TB sect7

32

The jetstream has the same direction as the VT Jetstream in the back, cold air at left side and warm air at the right In the figure, jetstream is coming towards us. (NH)
CAE NLS TB sect7 33

Conclusions:

The maximum wind speed, the jet core of the jet stream, is found - at the level of equal HORIZONTAL temperature - on the warm side of the frontal zone (in warm air!) - at altitudes just above the tropopause of the cold air, beneath the

warm tropopause, in the tropopause break.

The projection of the core on the surface lies in the cold airmass*. The jet is caused by strong horizontal temperature gradients, CAE NLS sect7 concentrated near theTB boundaries of air masses (fronts). 34

Clear air turbulance ( CAT )

The greatest risk of CAT is at the cold side of the jetstream. Why??
CAE NLS TB sect7 35

80kt
100kt jet

Jet core and axis

300 hPa is jet core (kern) 400 hPa is jet axis (as)

Core: absolute maxwind of jet Axis: maxwind on a certain level

What is the maxwind in the core?

And on 400 hPa?
CAE NLS TB sect7 36

Jet STREAKS

120 kt 140 kt 140 kt

Core

They travel in the jet core downwind with up to 20 kts.

CAE NLS TB sect7

37

Classification of jet streams

Richting?

CAE NLS TB sect7

38

1. The Arctic Jet associated with the arctic front influences the weather over Europe only in winter jet core at around 60north height of the core varies between 300 and 400hPa, sometimes lower wind speed reaches values between 75 and 130kt direction is westerly

CAE NLS TB sect7

39

2. The Polar Jet

associated with the polar front

observed all the year around great variation between one jet and another

height of the core usually between 300 and 200 hPa

wind speed highly variable with on average 125kts in winter and 65kts in summer

direction: all possible, Wly dominant

situated between 40 and 60N in winter and between 60 and 80N in summer
CAE NLS TB sect7 40

 Polar Jet is often interrupted. Parts with strong winds alternate

with intervals with weak winds.

CAE NLS TB sect7

41

CAE NLS TB sect7

42

CAE NLS TB sect7

43

3. The Subtropical Jet

not associated with a front ( keeping impulse moment)

between 25 and 40north in winter and 40-45north in summer height of the core around 200 hPa wind speed reaches values between 80kt in summer and 140kt in winter direction is westerly

CAE NLS TB sect7

44

4. The Equatorial Easterly Jet

not associated with a front (temp. diff. at higher levels only)

between 12 and 15N only in summer NH height of the core between 100 and 150 hPa wind speed around 60kt, seldom 100kt direction is easterly*

CAE NLS TB sect7

45

Equatorial Easterly Jet in June-July-August

CAE NLS TB sect7 46

5. The Polar Night Jet

not associated with a front (temp. diff. at higher levels only)

near 70N and S in winter height of the core near 25 hPa(80.000 ft) wind speed around 60kt direction is westerly Temperatures up to 70 on cruising levels!*

CAE NLS TB sect7

47

POSITIONS OF JET STREAMS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

CAE NLS TB sect7 48

CAE NLS TB sect7

49

Advection? NH 568 572

-45
-40 Wind?
CAE NLS TB sect7

No advection
50

Advection? NH 568 572

-45

WAA
Wind -40
CAE NLS TB sect7 51

Advection? NH 572 Wind? 568

-45

CAA
-40
CAE NLS TB sect7 52

Oefening Warmte of kou-advectie Bereken en/of teken Vth Welke advectie, KA of WA

CAE NLS TB sect7

53

Exercise: jetstream, advection, temps draw isohypsen on 400 hPa chart (delta h = 4 dam) draw istherms (in red or diff. Colour) (delta T = 5C) where is CAA and where is WAA? Temps La Coruna 08001 Emden 10200

T 500

..

.
. . * ..
CAE NLS TB sect7

Tropopause .. T 36000`. Tsfc WX? ..

Advection?.

54

CAE NLS TB sect7

55

CAE NLS TB sect7

56