Group 5

Name Nilesh Parmar Pankaj Sansare Bhagyashri Inamdar Surjeet Mahalik Rama Lingeswara Rao Sathish Kumar B Roll No PGEMP34/A/40 PGEMP34/A/47 PGEMP34/A/16 PGEMP34/A/32 PGEMP34/A/29 PGEMP34/A/27

Understand the concept of culture and cultural variations in international management. Explain the relationship of environmental factors on societal culture. Discuss the significance of various frameworks for understanding cultural differences around the world.

Culture is a concept that has been used in several social science disciplines to understand variations in human thought processes in different parts of the world. Culture is to a society what memory is to an individual.

Objective Component
Consists of such things as infrastructure of roads, architecture, patterns of music, food, and dress habits

Subjective Component
Ways that people categorize experience, associations, beliefs, attitudes, selfdefinitions, role definitions, norms, and values

Country Specific Influences Eco. system; Political system Tech. level Important historical events

Customs and Traditions of the Country Religion; Dialects and languages Education

Cultural Orientation and Value Pattern

Influences
Attitudes Toward Work; Money; Time; Family; Authority; Change; Risk; Equality

Influences
International Management Functions Organizing and controlling; Managing technological change; Motivating; Communicating; Decision-making; Negotiating; Ethical/ social respon.
5

Parochialism is the belief that there is no other way of doing things except that found within ones own culture, that is, that there is no better alternative. Ethnocentrism is similar to parochialism, and tends to reflect a sense of superiority, and ethnocentric individuals believe that their ways of doing things are the best, no matter which cultures are involved.

Geocentrism is very different to both parochialism and ethnocentrism, reflecting a belief that it is necessary to be responsive to local cultures and markets.

DIMENSIONS
Relation to Nature Basic human nature Time orientation Space orientation Activity orientation Relationship among people

EMPHASIS IN CULTURE
Subjugation Evil Past Private Being Harmony Mixed Present Mixed Thinking Mastery Good Future Public Doing
Individualistic

Hierarchical Group based

Individualism and collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity and femininity Time orientation

Individualism may be defined as a social pattern that consists of loosely-linked individuals who view themselves as independent of groups and who are motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and contracts. Collectivism may be defined as a social pattern that consists of closely linked individuals who see themselves as belonging to one or more groups and who are motivated by norms, duties, and obligations identified by these groups.

Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations or by ambiguity in a situation.

Masculinity pertains to societies in which social gender roles are clearly distinct (i.e., men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with quality of life). Femininity pertains to societies in which social gender roles overlap (i.e., both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life).

How people relate to each other

Universalism vs. particularism Individualism vs. collectivism Neutral vs. affective relationship Specific vs. diffuse relationship Achievement vs. ascription

Time

Relation to nature

Emphasis on past, present, or future Whether it is sequential or synchronic Internal or external orientation

Near Eastern Arab

Turkey Iran Bahrain
Kuwait

Nordic
Finland

Norway
Denmark

Germanic
Austria Germany

Oman

S. Arabia Malaysia Singapore Hong Kong

Abu Dhabi U.A.E.

Greece Sweden

Switzerland

Australia Canada France Argentina New Zealand S. Vietnam Philippines U.K. Venezuela Belgium Indonesia Ireland Mexico Chile Taiwan Latin American Latin European S.Africa Thailand

U.S.

Far Eastern

Anglo

Columbia
Brazil
Japan

Peru

Italy Spain Portugal

India

Israel

Independent

Hierarchy
Mastery
Successful
Wealth

Conservatism
Family security

Affective Autonomy
Enjoying life Curious

World of beauty

Harmony

World of peace

Intellectual Autonomy

Egalitarian Commitment

Context refers to cues and other information that are present in a given situation. In high context cultures information is embedded in the social situation and is implicitly understood by those involved in the situation. In low context cultures information tends to be more explicitly stated.

Cultural syndrome is composed of

Cultural complexity Tightness versus looseness, and Two aspects of individualism versus collectivism (horizontal and vertical)