AE 457 - SPACE FLIGHT NAVIGATION & GUIDANCE AE 641 - INTRODUCTION TO NAVIGATION AND GUIDANCE

DISCLAIMER: MOST MATERIAL PRESENTED HERE IS TAKEN FROM VARIOUS INTERNET WEBSITES. CREDIT IS CITED WHERE THE SOURCE OF THE MATERIAL IS KNOWN. NO CLAIM OF ORIGINALITY IS INTENDED. THE MATERIAL IS GATHERED HERE FOR EDUCATION, WITH NO FINANCIAL INTERESTS.

Hari B. Hablani Department of Aerospace Engineering 2012 Spring

Ref.: unknown

EXPLORATION IN 14-16 CENTURIES

Trading routes used around the 1st century CE centered on the Silk Road http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route

Chola territories during Rajendra Chola I, c. 1030 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty

Map with the main voyages of the age of discoveries, 1482-1524 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery

Age of Discovery: Overview http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery

The Portuguese began systematically exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa from 1418, under the sponsorship of Prince Henry I In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Indian Ocean by this route. In 1492, racing to find a trade route to Asia, the Spanish monarchs funded Christopher Columbuss plan to sail west to reach the Indies by crossing the Atlantic. He landed on an uncharted continent, then seen by Europeans as a new world, America. To prevent conflict between Portugal and Spain, a treaty was signed dividing the world into two regions of exploration, where each had exclusive rights to claim newly discovered lands. In 1498, a Portuguese expedition commanded by Vasco da Gama finally achieved the dream of reaching India by sailing around Africa, opening up direct trade with Asia. Soon, the Portuguese sailed further eastward, to the valuable spice islands in

East and west exploration overlapped in 1522, when Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan led a Spanish expedition West, achieving the first circumnavigation of the world, while Spanish conquistadors explored inland Americas, and later, some of the South Pacific islands. Since 1495, the French and English and, much later, the Dutch entered the race of exploration after learning of these exploits, defying the Iberian monopoly on maritime trade by searching for new routes, first to the north, and into the Pacific Ocean around South America, but eventually by following the Portuguese around Africa into the Indian Ocean, discovering Australia in 1606, New Zealand in 1642, and Hawaii in 1778. Meanwhile, from the 1580s to the 1640s Russians explored and conquered almost the whole of Siberia.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE SPANISH EMPIRE http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/columbus.html

Prior to 1492 and Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas, Spain's only possession of any consequence outside Europe were the Canary Islands. By the mid-sixteenth century, however, Spain would control much of the Caribbean, large portions of the Americas and parts of Africa. This rapid acquisition of overseas possessions was accompanied and aided by the establishment and consolidation of hegemony in Europe through a series of political marriages. Instead of waging battles to spread its power and influence, the prolific Habsburgs preferred to use the bonds of marriage to link their household to others. This ensured that the number of threats to Habsburg possessions in Europe would remain at a minimum and would free Spanish resources to conquer overseas territory. Spain politically, socially, and economically dominated her large empire and, unlike the Portuguese, who were limited to coastal regions and tenuously held outposts, the Spaniards were able to penetrate inland and establish much more permanent settlements.

Portuguese trade routes (blue) since Vasco da Gama's 1498 journey and the Spanish Manila-Acapulco galleons trade routes (white) established in 1568 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route

Vasco da Gama's passage to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/vasco_da_gama_01.shtml India

A 16thcentury Portugues ship used in the Indian Ocean trade routes

http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch2en/conc2en/map_VOC_ Trade_Network.html

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/india-political-map.htm

Air Routes In India http://www.jaipurmart.net/air_route_map_of_india.htm

Global Air Routes http://www.airlineroutemaps.com/

http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/aaisite_test/main_new.jsp

AAI manages 126 airports, which include 11 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves at Defense airfields. All major air-routes over Indian landmass are Radar covered (24 Radar installations at 11 locations) along with VOR (Omnidirectional Radio Range) /DVOR (Doppler VOR) coverage (72 installations) co-located with Distance Measuring Equipment (71 installations)

39 runways provided with ILS installations; Night Landing Facilities at 36 airports; and Automatic Message Switching System at 15 airports.
Automatic Dependence Surveillance system, using indigenous technology, at Kolkata and Chennai Air Traffic Control Centers, enabling effective Air Traffic Control over oceanic areas using satellite communication. Use of remote controlled VHF coverage, along with satellite communication links, has given added strength to our Air Traffic Management System. Linking of 80 locations by V-Sat installations vastly enhances Air Traffic Management and safety of aircraft operations besides enabling administrative and operational control over our extensive airport network.

http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/aaisite_test/main_new.jsp

Functions of AAI
Control and management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO

Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of International and Domestic Airports and Civil Enclaves.
Construction, Modification and Management of Passenger Terminals Development and Management of Cargo Terminals at International and Domestic airports.

Provision of Passenger Facilities and Information System at the Passenger Terminals at airports.
Expansion and strengthening of operation area viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway, etc. Provision of visual aids. Provision of Communication and Navigational aids viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar, etc.

Air Navigation Services

In tune with global approach to modernization of Air Navigation infrastructure for seamless navigation across state and regional boundaries, AAI has plans for transition to satellite based Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management. A number of co-operation agreements and Memoranda of Co-operation have been signed with US Federal Aviation Administration, US Trade and Development Agency, European Union, Air Services Australia and the French Government, co-operative projects and studies initiated to gain from their experience. Through these activities more and more executives of AAI are being exposed to the latest technology, modern practices and procedures to improve the overall performance of Airports and Air Navigation Services. New and improved procedure have been adopted with induction of new equipments. Some of the major initiatives in this direction are introduction of: Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) in Indian airspace to increase airspace capacity and reduce congestion in the air and implementation of GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation GAGAN jointly with ISRO which, when in operation, would be one of the four such systems in the world.

Precision Approaches and their Accuracies

Courtesy: Per Enge, Aircraft Landing Systems Based on GPS & GALILEO

Precision Landing Approaches with Local Area Augmentation System (1 of 2)

GAGAN is a space-based augmentation system, in contrast with a wide area augmentation system (WAAS) or local area augmentation system (LAAS) For precise landing approaches, the Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) is employed which works in a sequence depicted in the figures below:

Courtesy: www.faa.gov

Precision Landing Approaches with Local Area Augmentation System (2 of 2)

Aircraft Navigation Using GAGAN and IRNSS

GPS Augmentation for Civil Aviation Courtesy: ISRO

GAGAN: GPS Aided Geostationary Satellite Augmented Navigation System Courtesy: ISRO

Courtesy: www.isro.org

Use OF GAGAN and IRNSS for Position, Velocity, and Time Determination

The GPS receivers on the ground stations receive the signals from four or more GPS satellites. The receivers comprehend the navigation data contained in the signals and send a message to the Master Control Centre (MCC) where the errors in the GPS signals are calculated. A message containing the corrections in the received GPS signals is generated at the MCC and is sent to the Land Uplink Stations, which transmit these messages to the geostationary satellites. The geostationary satellites broadcast these corrections in order that the navigating vehicle, equipped with a GPS receiver, receives these correction messages and corrects the GPS signals accordingly. In this manner, the navigating vehicle can determine its position, velocity and time with an increased accuracy. The above technique uses the GPS signals. In future, after the implementation of the IRNSS, the GPS satellite signals would be replaced by the IRNSS signals.

An independent regional navigation system covering India and an area of about 500 Km around India The system will consist of seven satellites, 3 geostationary and 4 geosynchronous The target position accuracy is of less than 10 m over the Indian subcontinent and within 20 m over the Indian Ocean

Courtesy: ISRO

IRNSS Satellites: Three Geostationary and Four Geosynchronous A Nice Geometry for Navigation Courtesy: ISRO

IRNSS

GPS

Regional Navigation System It will be under full control of the Government of India Geosynchronous Orbit Satellites

Global Navigation System Controlled by the US Government Medium Earth Orbit Satellites

Inertial Measurements to Aid GPS Tracking

P = position, V = velocity, A = attitude, T = time, rho = range, rho_dot = range rate, del_theta = incremental attitude, del_v = incremental_velocity
Courtesy: Per Enge, Aircraft Landing Systems Based on GPS & GALILEO

Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) Ministry of Defence, Govt of India courtesy: DRDO websites

DRDO is a network of more than 50 laboratories deeply engaged in developing defense technologies covering various disciplines such as aeronautics, armaments, electronics, combat vehicles, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, advanced computing and simulation, special materials, naval systems, life sciences, training, information systems and agriculture.

The Organization employs over 5000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical and supporting personnel.
Several major projects for the development of missiles, armaments, light combat aircrafts, radars, electronic warfare systems etc are on hand and significant achievements have been made in several such technologies.

courtesy: DRDO websites VISION Make India prosperous by establishing world class science and technology base and provide our Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions. MISSION Design, develop and lead to production state-of-the-art sensors, weapon systems, platforms and allied equipment for our Defence Services. Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimise combat effectiveness and to promote well-being of the troops. Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build strong indigenous technology base.

courtesy: DRDO websites

Technology Clusters

AERONAUTICS Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), Bangalore Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE), Agra Centre for Air Borne Systems (CABS), Bangalore Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), Bangalore Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), Bangalore Center for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC), Bangalore

MISSILES

Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad Institute of Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA), Delhi Integrated Test Range (ITR), Balasore Research Center Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad

NAVAL

Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Vishakapatnam

Development Laboratory (DRDL) Defence Research Complex, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad

Defence Research and

Formerly directed by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, The main research center for the Integrated Missile Development Program

DRDL is responsible for the Integrated Guided Missile Program, which includes five components:

Prithvi, a surface-to-surface battlefield missile; Nag, an anti-tank missile (ATM); Akash, a swift, medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM); Trishul, a quick-reaction SAM with a shorter range; and Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile.

Prithvi

Agni III Test Flight

DRDO's Prithvi-II, Agni-I, Agni-II, Agni-IIAT, Agni-3 (TD,+,++,SL) [Image Arun Vishwakarma]

DRDO's Prithvi-II, Agni-I, Agni-II, Agni-IIAT, Agni-3 (TD,+,++,SL)

[Image Arun Vishwakarma]

Agni-I Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch Weight (kg) (Including Payload) 15 1 12,000

Agni-II

AgniIIAT 20 1.2 27,000

Agni-3 TD

Agni-3 A

Agni-3 B

Agni-3 C

Agni-3SL

20 1 16,000

16.7[0.A] 2 48,300
[0.A]

17[0.A] 2 51,500
(Estimated)

17[0.A] 2 53,100
(Estimated)

14.6
2 44,400

12

2
37,600
(Estimated)

(Estimated)

Propellant
Number of Stages Payload - kg 1 800 1,000

Solid (HTPB/AP/AI)
2.5 800 1,000 2.5 300 1,000 2 600 - 1,500 2,490
(conventional)
[1]

High energy, high density Solid Propellant (HTPB/AP/AI)

3 1,500 4 600 - 3490 3 600 - 3490
(8 - 12 RV )

3 600 - 3490
(8 - 12 RV )

Warhead Guidance

Strategic nuclear (15 KT to 250 KT), conventional HE-unitary, penetration, sub-munitions, incendiary or fuel air explosives.
[2]

Strap Down - INS (Inertial Navigation System), optionally augmented by GPS terminal guidance with possible radar scene correlation. 850 km (1,000kg ) 3,300 km (1,000kg) , 4,450 km (700kg) 40 meters 4,000 km (1,500kg )

INS (full Inertial platform) , optionally augmented by GPS/GLONASS/IRNSS, possibly with radar scene correlation.
[3]

Range (Payload)

5,500 km (1,500kg)

[4]

8,100 Km (1,500kg) >18,000 km

[4.A]

11,500 km
16 meters

10,300 (1050kg)

5,200Km (1,400Kg), 11,600Km (700kg)

CEP Accuracy

120 meters

(estimated)

20 meters

[4.B]

Launch Platform

8 x 8 Tatra TELAR (Transporter Erector Launcher) Rail Mobile Launcher

8 x 8 Tatra TELAR Rail Mobile Launcher

Submarine Launcher

Shourya lifts off from the Integrated Test Range at Balasore, Orrissa, on November 12, 2008
The successful first test of the surface-tosurface Shourya missile from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur-on-sea near Balasore in Orissa on November 12 Shourya is a hypersonic missile; it can reach a velocity of Mach 6 even at low altitudes. On November 12, it reached a velocity of Mach 5, heating up its surface to 700+ degree Celsius. The missile performed an ingenious maneuver of rolling to spread the heat uniformly on its surface. Its high maneuverability makes it less vulnerable to present-day anti-missile defense systems. Shourya can reach targets 700 km away, carrying both conventional and nuclear warheads. It is 10 metres long and 74 cm in diameter and weighs 6.2 tonnes. It is a two-stage missile and both its stages are powered by solid propellants. Its flight time is 500 seconds to 700 seconds.

Shouryas Navigation system uses ring-laser gyros and accelerometers Ref.: unknown

In the estimate of V.K. Saraswat, Chief Controller, Missiles and Strategic Systems, DRDO, Shourya is among the top 10 missiles in the world in its class, with its high-performance navigation and guidance systems, efficient propulsion systems, state-of-the-art control technologies and canisterised launch signature it cannot be easily detected by satellites and makes its deployment easy. Shourya was ejected from the canister by a gas generator, developed by the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune, and the ASL. The gas generator, located at the bottom of the canister, fires for about a second and a half. It produces high pressure gas, which expands and ejects the missile from the tube. The missile has six motors; the first one is the motor in the gas generator. The centerpiece of a host of new technologies incorporated in Shourya is its ring-laser gyroscope and accelerometer. The ring-laser gyroscope, a sophisticated navigation and guidance system made by the RCI, is highly classified technology. Advanced countries have denied this technology to India. In Shouryas flight, it functioned exceptionally well. M. Natarajan, Scientific Adviser to the Defense Minister and Director-General of the DRDO, praised the way the ring-laser gyroscope functioned in Shouryas flight. We flew our own navigation system in this missile. It worked very well. This is an important step forward for the country in the navigation of missiles, aircraft and spacecraft. No other country will provide India this navigation system, he said.

After the flawless launch of the surface-to-surface missile Shourya, the DRDO is set to fire an interceptor missile.

Missile technologists of the DRDO are engaged in preparing for the launch of an interceptor missile. The launch, scheduled to take place in the second half of December, will feature two missiles. While the target missile, with a range of 1,500 km, will be fired from a ship in the Bay of Bengal towards Wheeler Island, located off the Orissa coast, the interceptor missile, which will be fired from the island, will engage an incoming enemy missile in the terminal phase of its flight at an altitude of 80 km in the exo-atmosphere and decimate it. The enemy missile will be a modified version of Dhanush. Intense high-technology work at the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL), and the Research Centre, Imarat (RCI), all located on the serene DRDO campus. Agni-V will have a range of 5,000 km. It will be launched in 2010. The ASL is also preparing for a flight trial of Agni-IIIA in 2009. The missile will be an advanced version of Agni-II, which has a range of more than 2,500 km.

On November 27 India carried out a successful ballistic missile interception test.

The target vehicle was a modified Prithvi SRBM fired in a trajectory meant to simulate the terminal phase maneuver of a longer range missile.

The interceptor was fired a minute after the target, and intercepted it an altitude of 50km.
The interceptor is 10-12 metres long, and has two stages. It uses an active seeker guidance system in its terminal phase.

India to Test Layered Missile Defense

Ref. Frontier India Strategic and Defence (Dec. 12, 2008)

India will test layered missile defence in December 2008. This test will involve 2 Ballastic Missile interceptors intercepting a single modified Prithvi Missile. The first interception will take place at an altitude of 80 km. The second interception will take place at the altitude of 30 kms. The 80 Km or exo-atmospheric interceptor is expected to hit the incoming missile and the 30 Km or the endo-atmospheric interceptor will try to destroy the largest surviving debris. India has so far tested exo-atmospheric and endo-atmospheric interceptors in stand alone modes. On 6th December 2007 DRDO carried out the 2nd launch of a Single Stage Interceptor Missile against an incoming ballistic missile target of enemy represented by a modified Prithivi Missile. The EndoAtmospheric Interceptor (AAD) intercepted a modified Prithvi Missile at 15 km altitude. On 27 Nov 2006, exo atmospheric test, Prithvi Air Defence Exercise (PADE), intercepted a modified Prithvi-II Missile at an altitude of 50 km.

Agni-II Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile displayed at the Republic Day Parade on New Delhi's Rajpath, January 26, 2004

Agni-3 D2: ASL's A.Chander, Defense MoS Pallam Raju, with users [Source: India Strategic]

V.K. Saraswat (left), Chief Controller, Research and Development, Missile and Strategic Systems, with the Shourya team led by its programme director A.K. Chakrabarti (right) and P. Venugopalan, DRDL Director. In the backdrop is the missile in a canister

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) came into existence on 1st October 1964. The Company was formed by the merger of Hindustan Aircraft Limited with Aeronautics India Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur. The Company traces its roots to the pioneering efforts of an industrialist with extraordinary vision, the late Seth Walchand Hirachand, who set up Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in association with the erstwhile princely State of Mysore in December 1940. The Government of India became a shareholder in March 1941 and took over the Management in 1942. Today, HAL has 19 Production Units and 9 Research and Design Centres in 7 locations in India. The Company has an impressive product track record 12 types of aircraft manufactured with in-house R & D and 14 types produced under license. over 3550 aircraft 3600 engines, and overhauled over 8150 aircraft and 27300 engines. HAL has been successful in numerous R & D programs developed for both Defence and Civil Aviation sectors.

HAL Products

Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal F.H. Major flew the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv -- powered by the Shakthi engine in Bangalore

Air Chief Marshal F.H. Major, PVSM, AVSM, SC, VM, ADC, Chief of Air Staff with Shri Ashok K Baweja, Chairman HAL with the weaponised Dhruv helicopter (ALH) at Helicopter Division of HAL

HAL has made substantial progress in its current projects :

Dhruv, which is Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Tejas - Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT) Various military and civil upgrades.

HAL has played a significant role in India's space programs by participating in the manufacture of structures for Satellite Launch Vehicles like
PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) GSLV (Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) IRS (Indian Remote Satellite) INSAT (Indian National Satellite)

LIGHT COMBAT AIRCRAFT (LCA) TEST-FLOWN SUCCESSFULLY on 4

January, 2001

LCA is an advanced technology,

single seat, single engine, supersonic, light-weight, all-weather, multi-role, air superiority fighter designed for air-to-air, air-to-ground and

air-to-sea combat roles.

The purpose of flight test program was to validate a number of advanced technologies incorporated in LCA. These include:

Unstable configuration,

quadruplex fly-by-wire digital flight control system,

integrated avionics with glass cockpit, advanced composite materials for primary structure and a novel utility systems management system.

LCA Tejas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lca1.jpg

Indian Navy has shown interest in the Air Force's Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medium_combat_aircraft.jp g

INS Vikrant circa 1984 carrying a unique complement of Sea Harriers, Sea Hawks, Allouette & Sea King helicopters and Alize ASW.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy

INS Mysore on deployment in the Gulf of Aden to check piracy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy

Indian Navy Tu-142 and IL-38SD stationed at Arakkonam Naval Air Station http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy

INS Shivalik the first indigenous stealth ship of the Indian navy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy

INS Sindhurakshak (S63), a Sindhughosh class submarine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy

Conceptual Drawing of INS Arihant, India's first ballistic missile nuclear submarine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy

INS Arihant, India's first ballistic missile nuclear submarine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Arihant

Career (India) Name: INS Arihant

Builder: Shipbuilding Centre (SBC), Visakhapatnam, India Launched: 26 July 2009 Status: Sea trials Class and type: Arihant-class submarine Type: SSBN or SSGN Length: 111 m (364 ft) Beam: 15 m (49 ft) Draft: 11 m (36 ft) Propulsion: PWR using 40% enriched uranium fuel (80 MWe ); one turbine (47,000 hp/70 MW); one shaft; one 7-bladed, high-skew propeller (estimated) Range: unlimited except by food supplies Test depth: 300 m (980 ft) (estimated) Complement: 95100 officers and men Sensors and processing systems: BEL USHUS Armament:

General characteristics

6 x 533mm torpedoes 12 x K-15 Sagarika SLBM Shaurya missile (expected)

Satellite Launch Vehicle 3 (SLV - 3)

Project Director: Abdul Kalam Weight (t) : 17 Payload (kg) : 40 Height(m) : 22 Orbit : Low - earth orbit

Augmented Satellite launch Vehicle (ASLV)

ASLV is a five-stage vehicle employing solid propellant capable of placing 150 Kg class satellites in near-circular orbit. Successfully launched in May 1992 and May 1994, placing SROSS Scientific Satellites in orbit. Weight (t): 39 Payload (kg): 150 Height (m): 23.5 Orbit :Low - earth orbit

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

Weight (t) : 294 Payload (kg) : 1000-1200 Height (m) : 44.43 Orbit : Polar orbit

Developmental flights completed with successful third developmental launch in March 1996. IRS-1D launched by PSLV-C1 on September 29, 1997. Suitable for launching 1,000-1,200 kg class of remote sensing satellites into polar sun-synchronous orbit. IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT) and two piggy back small satellites Korean KITSAT-3 (Korean Institute of Technology) and German TUBSAT (Technical University of Berlin) launched by PSLV-C2 on May 26,1999. Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) of ISRO, and BIRD (a small satellite mission) of DLR Germany, PROBA (Project for Onboard Autonomy) of Belgium into their intended orbits launched by PSLV-C3 on October 22, 2001. The 1060 kg KALPANA-1 satellite - into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) launched by PSLV-C4 on September 12, 2002. RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) satellite launched by PSLV-C5 on October 17, 2003. CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT satellites launched by PSLV-C6 on

Satish Dhawan Space Center (SDSC), SHAR, the Launch Station for GSLV

Navigation Systems for Civil Aviation

Global positioning Inertial reference systems,

ring laser and fiber optic gyro systems, and Autonomous Integrity Monitored Extrapolation (AIME) technology for commercial aviation.

LTN-92 Ring Laser Gyro Inertial Navigation System

The LTN-92 uses three ring laser gyros, force rebalanced accelerometers, and three high-speed digital microprocessors to provide an advanced technology, all-attitude, worldwide navigation system

LN-100G Inertial Navigation System with Embedded GPS

By combining the Zero-lock Laser Gyro, (ZLG), with the latest technology, electronics, and GPS, the LN-100G represents the highest quality INS/GPS in the world.

Embedded GPS inertial system

0.8 nmi/hr free inertial Inertial, GPS, and hybrid navigation solutions SPS, PPS, all-in-view, and GRAM/SAASM (?) GPS receivers available Low power, lightweight High MTBF (?) Two dual 1553B data bus terminals High integrity, endurance tested design Validated Ada-based software Nondithered RLG (No acoustic noise; no SAR jitter) Ease of missionization, >70 applications to date

ISRO Inertial System Unit

ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU)

Carries out development of inertial sensors and systems for satellites and launch vehicles covering navigation systems, satellite inertial systems, bearing and space tribology, and inertial systems integration and simulation. Facilities include precision fabrication, assembly, integration and testing. Achievements include development of inertial systems for ISRO launch vehicles and satellites, solar array drive assemblies, scanning mechanisms, etc. Currently engaged in development of Inertial Navigation System for PSLV, GSLV, INSAT and IRS satellites.

Additional Sources

Visit websites of Northrop Grumman, Honeywell, Systron Donner,. for much more details. GPSoft toolboxes GIPSY from Jet Propulsion Lab, Cal Tech, Pasadena

Three-Axis Motion Simulator for Gyro Testing and Calibration

Courtesy: Zetatek; http://www.zetatekindia.com/products_motinsimulators.htm

INS and Nav-Aids for Civil Aviation

Introduction to Civil Aviation Specific references Dead reckoning (that is, Inertial Navigation: rate of change of lat, long; relative bearing, distance on great circle) Nav Aids: VHF Omni-directional range (VOR), DME (distance measuring equipment), Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN), Instrument Landing System (ILS), LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation), OMEGA, RADAR (Radio detection and ranging)

INS for Civil Aviation

Fundamental Principals of Inertial Navigation 1-d, 2-d strapdown navigation, 2-d rotating, 3-d strapdown navigation system: General Analysis Navigation with respect to an inertial frame Navigation with respect to a rotating frame, ECEF Navigation in Local Geographic Navigation Frame, NED: Vector equations and scalar equations Terrestrial Navigation Shape of the Earth: Ref. Ellipsoid, Geoid, WGS, geocentric and geodetic latitudes; variation of g Revised transport rate (rate of change of lat, lon) in geodetic frame ECEF coordinates from lat-lon-height Geodetic lat-lon-height from the ECEF coordinates using Newton-Raphson technique (Prob. 4.2-4.3, Rogers)

Course AE 457 - Space Flight Navigation & Guidance

Navigation:

Fundamentals of Navigation Stellar navigation inertial navigation radio and radar based navigation systems, satellite based navigation systems, global positioning systems (GPS) Performance comparison of various types of navigation systems. Fundamentals of Guidance, intercept geometry and collision triangle, proportional navigation and guidance, concept of miss distance and line of sight. Augmented proportional navigation and guidance, command to LOS guidance and beam rider guidance Strategic consideration, pulsed guidance and Lambert guidance. Concept of Kalman filters, fading memory filters and noise

Guidance:

AE 641 - Introduction to Navigation and Guidance

Navigation:

Fundamentals of Navigation, Stellar Navigation, Inertial Navigation, Radio and Radar based Navigation Systems, Global Positioning System, Other Specialized Navigation Systems, A Comparison of the various Navigational Aids, Some Case Studies. Fundamentals of guidance, Concepts of Intercept Geometry, Line of Sight and Collision Triangle, Proportional Navigation & Guidance (PNG) and Determination of Miss Distance, Augmented PNG and its comparison with PNG, Command to LOS & Beam Rider Guidance, Pulsed and Lambert`s Guidance, Tactical Vs. Strategic Considerations in Guidance, Impact of Noise on Guidance, Target maneuver and Evasion

Guidance:

Some References

Kayton, M., and Fried Navigation : Avionics Parkinson, B.E. & Spilker, J.J., Global Positioning System : Theory and Applications; Vol.1-2, Progress In Aeronautics and Astronautics Series, Vol.163, AIAA Publication,1996 Farrell, James L., Integrated Aircraft Navigation, Academic Press, 1976 Farrell, J.L., GNSS Aided Navigation and Tracking, 2007 Farrell, Jay A., Aided Navigation: GPS with High Rate Sensors, McGraw Hill, 2008 Titterton, D.H., and Weston, J.L., Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology, 2nd Ed., 2004 Kaplan, E.D., and Hagarty, C.J., (Ed.), Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, Artech House 2006 Groves, P.D., Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, Artech House, 2008 Gleason, S., and Gebre-Egziabher,D., GNSS Applications and Methods, Artech House 2009 Grewal, M.S., Weill, L.R., and Andrews, A.P., Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration, 2nd Ed., 2007 Grewal, M.S., Kalman Filtering, Montenbruck, O., and Gill, E., Satellite Orbits: Models, Methods, Applications, Springer 2000 Noton, M., Spacecraft Navigation and Guidance, Springer 1998 Rogers, R.M., Applied Mathematics in Integrated Navigation Systems, 3rd Ed., AIAA Education Series, 2007 Misra, P., Enge, P., Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, and Performance, Ganga-Jamuna Press, 2006 Zipfel, P.H., Modeling and Simulation of Aerospace Vehicle Dynamics, AIAA Education Series, 2000 Siouris, G.M., Aerospace Avionics Systems: A Modern Synthesis P. Zarchan, Tactical and Strategic Missile Guidance, AIAA Education Series, 5th Edition, 2010 Shneydor, N.A., Missile Guidance and Pursuit, Horwood, 1998 Yanushevsky, R., Modern Missile Guidance, CRC Press, 2008 Siouris, G.M., Missile Guidance and Control Systems, Springer 2004

Weight distribution last semester:

Assignment 20% Midsem: 32% Quiz 1: 3% Quiz 2: 3% Endsem: 42% Rules and Guidelines of the Institute:

Relative weight for in-semester evaluations is typically between 50 and 60 per cent. This will consist of

one mid-semester test of two hours duration of about 25-30 per cent weight, Two quizzes or one quiz and one test assignments and viva-voce may also include up to a maximum of 10 per cent of the in-semester marks for active participation in the class and the initiatives shown by the student.

The semesterend examinations relative weight would be 40 to 50 per cent. It is normally of 3 hours duration and will cover the full syllabus of the course.