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Basic Principles of Radiology: Bachtiar Murtala
Basic Principles of Radiology: Bachtiar Murtala
Bachtiar Murtala
Department of Radiology Medical Faculty Hasanuddin University Makassar
General objective
To introduce basic principles of radiology modalities as a tool of diagnosis ( and therapy )
Specific objectives : - Types of radiation - Equipments ( X-ray, CT, MRI, Nuclear medicine, US ) - Basic of interpretation - Biologic effects of radiation - Radiation protection
History in brief
Radiology started when Prof.Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered of a new kind of rays (x-rays) in November 8,1895 in Germany He made a first photograph of his wifes (Bertha) hand in Dec 22, 1895 using the rays, signed the true birthday of radiology as a medical specialty. He was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 Later, CT (Computed Tomography) and US (Ultrasonography) introduced in the seventies dan MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) in the eighties. CT was discovered by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, and together with Allen Cormack , awarded Nobel Prize in 1979.
Diagnostic radiologyRadiations (ionizing and nonionizing ), used as a tool to make diagnosis of diseases. Radiotherapy or radiation oncology -radiation used as an agent to eradicate/to kill tumor/cancer
(2) Particles
Electron, positron,etc
X-ray
To produce x-ray beam, we need :
A vacuum tube Electrons Focusing cup Metal filament Target
4. Half-life 5. Purpose
In conventional radiography, after passing the body, x-ray will create an image directly on photographic film. The film is covered by a thin emulsion of Silver Bromide (AgBr), which is very sensitive to x-rays and visible light, blackening the film after having developed in liquid developer ( washing processing )
CT-Scan
(Computerized Tomography Scan )
The greatest step forward since the discovery of X-rays. First CT-Scan was introduced in 1972. X-rays pass the patient and reach detectors ( not on the film ) Only thin tissue slices are exposed by X-rays high contrast resolution, no superimposition/ blurring of structures Tissue and water/fluid can be distinguished ( in conventional radiography can not be )
Terms in CT
Hyperdense : blood, calcification, bone Isodense/normodense : normal soft tissues such as; brain, liver, spleen,etc Hypodense : fluid, edema, fat, abscess, tumor, etc.
HU=Hounsfield Unit
CT-axial
Main Components
A very strong magnet ( 0.1-1.5 Tesla or > ) A radio transmitter A radio frequency receiver coil A computer
Terms in MRI
T1WI, T2WI, DWI, etc (T1 Weighted Image) Hyperintense : brightness Isointense : same with normal adjacent tissue Hypointense : darkness
Arteriografi
CT Scan
MRI sagittal/samping
T1WI T2WI
PETPET
Ultrasonography
Ultrasound (US) sound wave freq >20 KHz (above the human hearing range) Commonly used : 2-10 MHz No biologic effects
Components
Transducer/probe which contain piezoelectrical crystals ( the main component ) These crystals act as both transmitter/produce ultrasound and receiver (of echo) Computer and dysplay Printer
The most important part is transducer Transducer contains piezoelectric crystals with two functions : transmitter of US and receiver of echo Echo returning to transducer generates electrical signalscomputer image
Terms in US
Hyperechoic = echorich brightness : calcification, stone, gas Isoechoic= normoechoic : normal soft tissue; liver, spleen, etc Hypoechoic = echopoor : tumor, abscess Free-echoic = unechoic : fluid ;water,etc
Positioning in radiography
In conventional radiography, we should familiar with the routine positions PA : Postero-anterior AP : Anterio-posterior RLD : Right lateral decubitus LLD : Left lateral decubitus etc
Foto2
Biologic effects
Come from X-rays and gamma-rays since they can ionize atoms/molecules of human tissue Can be grouped into : immediately effects, latent somatic effects, and manifest genetic damage
Thank you