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Magnetic Materials
www.phy.iitb.ac.in/~ph102
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Magnetic Material
Magnetic field in materials is due to tiny electric
current loops or magnetic dipoles. At normal
temperatures the magnetic moments of the
dipoles are randomly oriented so that the net
magnetic moment is zero.
Magnetization = Magnetic moment per unit
volume
When an external magnetic field is applied the
dipoles align and the material develops a
magnetization.
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Dia-, Para-, and Ferronmagnetism
Electric dipoles always align in the direction of
magnetic field but different magnetic material
behave differently.
Diamagnetic material have their manetization
direction opposite to that of B.
Paramagnetic material have M parallel to B
Ferromagnets are those which retain their
magnetization even after the magnetic field is
withdrawn Hysteresis.
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Types of magnetic materials
ty. permeabili relative
the is and ty permeabili absolute the is Here
H H H ) 1 ( ) H ( B
ic. paramagnet is it positive, is it If
c. diamagneti is material the negative, is If
lity susceptibi magnetic the is where H M
r
r 0 m 0 m 0
m
m m

_ _
_
_ _
= = + = + =
=
H
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Paramagnetic material in Magnetic Field
Atomic magnets are oriented in direction
of B, currents in adjacent loops cancel
giving rise to a surface current
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Force on a magnetic dipole
Force on a current carrying loop is
A
B
zero. is loop current closed a on force the Hence
) ( B l d I F

=
L
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A current loop experiences a force in an
inhomogeneous Field
x
y
z
O
A
B
C
}
} }
c
c
=
=
c
c
c c
c
c
0
, , 0
0 0

) , , 0 (

) 0 , , 0 (

BC & OA sides On
dy
z
B
j I
dy y B j I dy y B j I F
y

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Dipole in Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field
x
y
z
O
A
B
C
}
} }
c
c
=
=
c
c c
c
c
0
, 0 , 0
0 0

) , 0 , 0 (

) , , 0 (

OC & AB sides On
dz
y
B
k I
dz z B k I dz z B k I F
z

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Dipole in Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field
Assume that the derivatives are constant at the
boundaries of small loops
i I m B
B m
z
B
k
y
B
j
y
B
i I
z
B
i
z
B
k
y
B
i
y
B
j I
dz
z
B
j dz
y
B
k I F
x x x
z x
y
x
y z

and 0 as
) (

( )

(
)

( )

(
2
2
2
0 0
, , 0 , 0 , 0
= = V
V =
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c

c
c

c
c
+ =
(
(

c
c

c
c
=
} }

c
c
c c
c c
c
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Torque on a current loop
A dipole experiences a torque in a constant
magnetic field

Torque is zero when the magnetic moment is
parallel to the field. To bring the dipole to a
position which makes an angle u with the
magnetic field, one has to do work.
B m


= t
B m - U
mB
d mB d W

=
=
= =
} }
dipole of Energy Potential
) cos 1 (
sin
0
u
u u u t
u
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Field due to a magnetic dipole
For paramagnetic material, magnetization is
proportional to the external field.
Magnetic field on the axis of a circular coil of radius
a was seen to be
! dipole electric
an for field electric of that similar to very
) (for
2 ) ( 2
3
0
2 / 3 2 2
2
0
a z
z
m
z a
a I
>>
+ t

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Vector Potential of a current loop
}
=
r
l d I
A

4
0
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Vector Potential of a current loop
x
y
z
P
O
dl
r
dA
u
|
o

x
O to relative position r
l d from P of distance
plane z - in x point field
plane y - in x is loop current
=
=

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x
y
z
P
O
dl
r
dA
u
|
o

x
dl
A d A d
A l || d A d

of component - y adds but
of component - x cancels hich element w
opposite lly symmetrica a , l d each For
component. - z no has , since
-
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Vector Potential of a current loop

o o

t
t
t
t
d
r
a
r
a
r
a
r
a k
I
d
r
a
r
a
r
a k
I
d
ar a r
a
k
I
d
a
k
I l d I
A
)
2
cos 3 cos
2
1 (
1
cos

4
)
cos 2
1 (
1
cos

4
) cos 2 (
cos

4
cos

4 4
2
2 2
2
2
2
0
0
2 / 1
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
2 / 1 2 2
0
2
0
0 0
+ + =
+ ~
+
=
= =
}
}
}
} }

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Vector Potential of a current loop
r m
r
k
r
m
k
r
mx
r
x
k
Ia
d
r
ax
a k
I
d
r
x a
r
ax
r
a
r
a k
I
A
x r

=
= = =
=
+ + =
~
}
}
3
0
2
0
3
0
3
2
0
2
0
3
2
0
4
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
0
0
4

4
sin

4

cos

4

)
2
cos 3 cos
2
1 (
1
cos

4
cos cos Use
t

t
u
t

t
t

o
t
t
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Vector Potential of magnetized substance
If M is the magnetization, a volume dt contains
Mdt dipoles. The vector potential at a point P is
given by
t
t

t
t

'
'

V
'
=
'
'

'

=
}
}
d
r r
M
d
r r
r r M
r A

1
4
) (
4
) (
0
3
0
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Vector Potential of magnetized substance
(
(

'
'
+ ' V'
'
=
(
(

'
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
V' ' V'
'
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
V' V'
'
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
V'
} }
} }
S d M
r r
d M
r r
d
r r
M d M
r r
r A
r r
M M
r r r r
M

1 1
4

1 1
4
) (
1 1
Use
0
0
t
t

t t
t

s d d

} }
= V
surface vol
v v
used have we step, last In the
t
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Bound currents
n M r K
M r J
dS
r r
r K
d
r r
r J
S d M
r r
d M
r r
b
b
surface
b
vol
b
) (
) (
) (
4
) (
4
1 1
4
) r A(
0 0
0
=
V =
'

'
+
'
'

'
=
(
(

'

'

+
'
V
'
'

=
} }
} }

t
t

t
t

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Uniformly magnetized slab
t
K
M
n M r K
M r J
b
b

) (
) (
=
V =

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Free and Bound Currents
Net current is due to actual transport of
charges while bound current is due to
magnetization.


Amperes Law for magnetized material
contains contribution due to both types of
current and is,
bound free
J J J

+ =
) (
) (
0
0 0
M J
J J J B
f
b f


V + =
+ = = V

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Fields B, H and M
Define H-field by
M H
I
J H
enclosed free
f



V = V
=
= V
}
Also
l d H
ly, Equivalent
) (
M
B
H

=
0

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Example
An infinitely long cylinder of radius R contains a
frozen in magnetization M=kr, where r is distance
from axis and no free current. Find B, H, M.

1

current volume Bound

kR r k kr n M K
k
r
M
r
M
r
M J
k kr M
R r R r b
z z
b
= = =
=
c
c

c
c
= V =
=
= =

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Infinitely long cylinder
Use Amperes Law. As the current is in |
direction, field are along the axis. B is zero
outside the cylinder.
r
L
k kr B
kLr r R L k kLR
Ldr J L K BL l d B
R
r
b b

)) ( ) ( (
) (
0
0 0
0

=
= + + =
+ = =
} }

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Magnetized cylinder (contd.)
k

cylinder outside 0 M B
M -
B
0 H 0
alone. curl by specified is M , 0
0
0
0
kr
l d H
z
M
M
z

=
= =
= = =
=
c
c
= V
}

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A uniformly magnetized Cylinder
u sin

0
M n M K
M J
b
b
= =
= V =


n
M
z
R
u
u
Rsin u
r l d

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Uniformly magnetized sphere
From symmetrically located pairs of elements horizontal
components cancel while vertical components add up.
n
M
z
R
u
u
Rsin u
r l d

M
k M d k M B
k d M k R
R
M
k dl d
R
MR
d MR Rd K dI
k
R
dl
dI
r
r l d
dI B d
b

0
0
0
3
0
3
0
2
0
2
2
0
ring
2
0
2
0
3
2
3
4

2
sin

sin
2

sin 2
sin
2

sin
2
dB
ring the from dB on to contributi
sin

sin
2

u u

u u

u t
u
t

u
u
t

u u u
u
t

t
=
= =
= =
=
= =

=
}

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Example : Large Piece of uniformly magnetized
material from which a sphere is scooped out.
B
0
M
H
M
B B
H
M
M
B
H
M B B
M
M
B
H

3
1
3
2
, 0 hole the of centre at the Since
3
2
ion magnetizat
uniform of sphere a with void the Fill
oid, without v material For the
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
+ = =
'
= '
=
=
= '
=