Introduction to MIS

Chapter 12 Systems Development

Copyright 1998-2002 by Jerry Post

Introduction to MIS

Systems Development

Strategy
Prototyping Tactics

Operations

Systems development life cycle

End user development

Introduction to MIS

Outline

Challenges in Building Information Systems Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Alternatives to SDLC

Prototyping Teamwork Extreme Programming End-User Development

Analyzing Systems Process Analysis Object-Oriented Design Cases: Government Agencies Appendix: Visual Basic
3

Introduction to MIS

Runaway Projects

Technical measures

$ 2 - 5 times over budget 2 - 5 times behind schedule Missing technical objectives

Duplication of efforts Incompatibilities User/designer conflicts
1998

Design problems

2001

2002

Introduction to MIS

Success & Failure

Reasons for Success

Reasons for Failure

User Involvement Executive management support Clear requirements Proper planning Realistic expectations

Lack of user input Incomplete requirements Changing requirements and specifications Lack of executive support Lack of technical skills

Cafasso 1994

Introduction to MIS

Systems Development Life Cycle

Feasibility & Planning Goals & plans

Systems Analysis

Business requirements

Proposal Problems & Improvements

Systems Design

Technical Design

Systems Implementation
New System

Existing System

problems

revisions problems

revisions

Systems Maintenance: Incremental changes

Introduction to MIS

Development Controls

Detailed work plan Performance targets Practices & procedures User input & control

Blue Print/Planning

Introduction to MIS

Customer Order Entry Enter Salesperson Data

Design Tools Visual Table of Contents

Enter/Change Customer Data Look up Item Numbers

Enter Items Ordered

Check Inventory Status

Special Orders Customer Order Copy

Review and Print Forms

Shipping List Back Order List

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Comparison of Diagrams

Data Flow Diagram

Entity Relationship Diagram

Show process and flow of data. Process No Increasingly detailed levels of process.

Describe Data structures. Yes By entities or object inheritance.

Structure Chart or VTOC

Show modules and usage flow. Module structure No By program structure or usage steps.
Purpose, Classification, Object Orientation, Decomposition

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SDLC Effort
Stage Procedure Approx. Pct. Of Effort

Analysis

Feasibility Requirements Conceptual Design Physical Design Programming Procedure Develop. Conversion Review Maintenance

5 15 5 20 25 10 15 5 not included

Design

Implementation

Maintenance & Review

G. Davis and M. Olson, Management Information Systems 1985.

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Systems Implementation

Final testing Involve users Education and training Flexibility Recognize how the system will affect the business Encourage users to change Implementation plans

Education and training

Changing Business operations

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Implementation Options
Direct cutover old new

Parallel

old new

Pilot

store 1 store 2 store 3

store 4 dept or component 1 dept or component 2 dept or component 3 dept or component 4

new new new new old new

Phased

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System Evaluation
F ea sibilit y Com pa r ison Cost & Bu dget Tim e E st im a t es Reven u e E ffect s Ma in t en a n ce Cost s P r oject Goa ls User Sa t isfa ct ion Syst em P er for m a n ce Syst em Relia bilit y Syst em Ava ila bilit y Syst em Secu r it y

Com pa r e a ct u a l cost s t o bu dget est im a t es. Wa s pr oject com plet ed on t im e? Does syst em pr odu ce a ddit ion a l r even u e? H ow m u ch m on ey a n d t im e a r e spen t on ch a n ges? Does syst em m eet t h e in it ia l goa ls of t h e pr oject ? H ow do u ser s (a n d m a n a gem en t ) eva lu a t e t h e syst em ? Ar e t h e r esu lt s a ccu r a t e a n d on t im e? Is t h e syst em a va ila ble on a con t in u ou s a va ila bilit y? Does t h e syst em pr ovide a ccess t o a u t h or ized u ser s?

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SDLC Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages

Disadvantages

Control & targets Formality Financial controls User input Documentation Testing Ease of maintenance

Increased costs Increased time Hard for DSS Requires definitions up front Rigid

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Prototyping
MIS Designer User Initial Interview Build Initial Prototype New Version

Use Prototype Request changes

Modify Prototype

Process repeats until:

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

User is satisfied User and designer give up Formal system is built from prototype Need for application is removed Process never ends

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Prototyping Evaluation

Advantages

Best uses

Get a working system earlier User has more input Designed to be modified

Single user Reports Input screens Self-contained applications

Problems

Need 4GL trained MIS staff Too many users Too many analysts Never finish "Loss" of management control

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Object Orientation

Object Orientation

Properties Methods Inheritance Polymorphism

Business Objects and Processes

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Object Example
Object Classes Object Properties/ Attributes Methods/ Functions
Customers Name Address Phone Change Address Add New Customer Delete Customer Individual Commercial

Contact Account Representative

Assign Account Rep Frequent Contact Account Representative Year Started Assign Account Rep

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SDLC v. Object Oriented

SDLC versus Object Oriented
60 50 40 SDLC Object Oriented

% time

30 20 10 0 Requirements Analysis Design Implementation

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Objects & Events

Events
Sale

Methods
Record Sale Update Inventory Notify Customer Service

Objects
Transaction Log Accounts & Ledgers Inventory Customers Employees (commissions)

Inventory Order/JIT

Notify Suppliers Schedule Payment

Accounts & Ledgers Suppliers Shipping/Receiving

Installation & Maintenance

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End-user Development

Advantages

Faster Cheaper Get what you want

Disadvantages/Problems

Lack of documentation Individual/personal differences Pre-packaged software limitations Takes User time

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End-user Development When to Call for Help

Many people use the system

Need to integrate

PC versus central computer Need documentation Individual user differences Need to train users

Use corporate data Tie to existing software Connect to network

Avoid duplicate data Changes to corporate data

Database Integrity

Commercial software limits User time is expensive Mission critical application

Additional testing Many modifications Need security & control

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Who Should Develop Systems?

MIS

End User

Size: Many users Complexity: Different departments Long development time

One-time code Can purchase pre-packaged solutions Highly trained users

SDLC large project controls Cost of user time

Critical Information

How Can MIS Help?

Major changes to central data base Formal testing

Formal feasibility Compatibility

Expensive hardware

Easy access to data/database Advice and help Testing & quality control Training & tutorials Support/Help Center

Specialized knowledge

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Choosing Methodologies
SDLC Control Time frame Users MIS staff Trans./DSS formal long many many Trans. RAD MIS short few few both Objects standards any varies split both JAD joint Prototyping End User user user short one none DSS

medium short few few DSS one or two one or two DSS

Interface
Document. & Training Integrity & Security Re-usability

minimal
vital

minimal
limited

Windows
in objects

crucial
limited

crucial
weak

crucial
none

vital
limited

vital
some

in objects
vital

limited
limited

weak
weak

weak
none

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A Systems Approach to Process Analysis

Systems

Input, Process, Output Divide and Conquer Goals and Objectives Control and Feedback Diagramming Systems Common Systems Problems

Basic Systems Input Output

Process

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System boundary: The Zoo

Requests & Comments Suppliers Animal Feed Invoices The Zoo Education Visitor Counts Baby Animals Registration Papers Health Data

Members Donors Visitors

Money

Other Zoos

Educational Materials

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Subsystems: The Zoo

Donor & Public Relations Animal Care

Manage Human Resources

Produce Management Reports

Manage Facilities

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Goals and Feedback

Input

Process

Output

Goal

Control

Feedback

Analyze

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Data Flow Diagram Objects

External Entity

Process Data Store (file) Data Flow Feedback and Control Data

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public/ zoo visitors PR data receipts etc. receipts

zoo booster members donors money & requests

The Zoo: Level 0

public requests 4 animal care other zoos & breeders

1 donor and public relations

needs & budgets

animal requests
health research

2 produce mgt. reports

emp. reports

hours, benefits, etc. employees

Management reports management

3 manage human resources

specialist request employee schedule

maint. & building request

maintenance schedule

pay data, requests

Usage reports

5 manage facilities

certification agencies

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public/ zoo visitors receipts money & comments PR data receipts etc. donors

The Zoo: Level 1

money & requests zoo booster newsletter members notices, etc. money & suggestions 1.3

1.1 produce PR & outreach programs

org. booster services & meetings donor booster needs & requests money, data, donor requests plans visitor statistics lists public requests 1.4 needs & track needs plans 1.5 and donor produce programs needs & budgets accounting expenses & budget animal & reports public requests accounting needs reports adopt an animal files
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1.2 handle donor requests

Introduction to MIS

Systems: Data Dictionary

Processes

Animal Care Donor & Public Relations Employee Relations Certification Agencies Donors Accounting Reports Certification Reports

Description ... ... ... ... ... ...

Entities

Data

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Data Dictionary
P ro c e s s e s
An im a l ca r e Don or & pu blic r ela t ion s E m ployee r ela t ion s F a cilit y m a n a gem en t P r odu ce m gt . r epor t s

D e s crip tio n . . .
Feed, clean, and vet care Handle public requests and provide educational information Schedule employees, process benefits, handle government reports Handle maintenance, new construction, planning Collect data and produce summary reports for management

En titie s
Cer t ifica t ion a gen cies Don or s E m ployees Ot h er zoos a n d br eeder s P u blic/zoo visit or s Zoo boost er m em ber s Government and private agencies that create rules and regulate zoos People and companies who donate money to the zoo Primary (paid) workers, full-time and part-time Zoos we trade with and share data with Daily visits, we rarely keep data on individuals Members who donate money and time for minor benefits

D a ta
Accou n t in g r epor t s Cer t ifica t ion r epor t s F a cilit y r epor t s Needs a n d bu dgets P u blic r equ est s Standard (GAAS) accounting reports for management Reports for certification agencies; produced annually Summaries of work done and plans, mostly weekly Budgets and special requests from animal care Suggestions and comments from the public

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System Problems
Do not include data flows between external entities. Drop the line or make one of the entities internal.

warranty registration Manufacturer purchase orders Invoices orders Customer

Sell Products

sales receipt

A process cannot invent data. It must have a data flow coming in to it.

weekly report daily sales

Store reports Save Reports Inventory list

A process cannot be a black hole--data must flow out of the process. Maybe it should be a file instead.

Modify Reports

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Visitors

Zoo system boundary

Boundaries

Distribute Educational Materials

Create Educational Materials

Problem Boundary

Problem: Shortages of Educational Materials

Introduction to MIS 39

Common Systems Problems

Defective subsystems Wrong Data Errors in Data Missing feedback and control Not responding to environment

Receive Orders

Check Customer Credit

Check Orders for Errors

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donors PR data receipts etc. money & suggestions

zoo booster members

money & requests

1.2 Handle donor requests

needs & needs & plans plans

1.3 Booster services & meetings

Identifying newsletter, Cause notices, etc. & Effect

booster requests public requests

donor lists

1.4 donor requests Track needs & donor programs

needs & budgets

expenses & budget animal needs & plans

Problems Some animal budgets have excess $ Some animal budgets have no money

donor list & animal needs

adopt an animal files

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Encapsulation Object Hierarchies Inheritance Polymorphism

Object-Oriented Design
Object name: Account Number Beginning Balance Name Ending Balance Client Current Balance Manager Interest Rate Date Opened Open Acct Close Acct Accept Deposits Withdrawal Pay Interest

Object attributes/properties:

Object functions/methods:

Savings Interest Rate Monthly Fees Pay Interest Compute Charges Print Quarterly Statement Budget Saver Checking Lowest Balance in Month Bad Check Charges Authorized Signature Print Monthly Statement Send Bad Check Notice Pay Interest Volume Senior Citizen CD Fixed Fee Student

Money Market

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Rolling Thunder Order Entry Process

BikeSizes Order Entry Clerk Retail Store Bicycle

Select

BikeTubes

Customer

BikeParts

Pricing

Components

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Rolling Thunder Manufacturing Process

Frame Assembler Painter

BikeTubes

QOH

TubeMaterial

Bicycle Customer

BikeParts

QOH

Components

Customer Transaction

Installer

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Rolling Thunder Purchasing Process

Purchase Order Purchase QOH Items

Purchase

Order

Components

Employee
Receive

Manufacturer Transaction Manufacturer

Dock employee

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Some Classes for Rolling Thunder

Customer 1 CustomerID Phone FirstName LastName Address ZIPCode CityID BalanceDue Customer Bicycle BikeTubes Customer 1 * SerialNumber SerialNumber * CustomerID TubeName 1 ModelType TubeID PaintID Length FrameSize 1 BikeParts OrderDate StartDate SerialNumber * * ShipDate * ComponentID ShipEmployee SubstituteID FrameAssembler Location Painter Quantity Construction WaterBottle Manufacturer CustomName ManufacturerID LetterStyleID ManufacturerName 1 StoreID ContactName EmployeeID Phone

Components ComponentID ManufacturerID ProductNumber Road Category Length Height Width Weight Description ListPrice EstimatedCost QuantityOnHand
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Introduction to MIS

Rolling Thunder Bicycle Class Diagram

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Cases: Government Agencies

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Cases: Federal Aviation Administration Internal Revenue Service

www.faa.gov
www.irs.gov

What is the companys current status? What is the Internet strategy? How does the company use information technology? What are the prospects for the industry?

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Math functions Abs Absolute value Atn Arc Tangent Cos Cosine Exp Exponential Fix Returns integer portion Int Converts to integer Log Logarithm Rnd Random number Sgn Signum (-1, 0, 1) Sin Sine Sqr Square root Tan Tangent String functions StrComp LCase, UCase Len Format InStr, Left, LTrim Mid, Right, RTrim, Trim
Introduction to MIS

Appendix: Visual Basic

Programming Logic

Computations

Variables Internal functions

Conditions Loops Input Output

Compare two strings Convert to lowercase or uppercase Find length of a string Format a string Manipulate strings.
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VB: Conditions
If (condition) Then statements if true Else

statements if false
End If Select Case Customer Case Customer = Corporate If (Sales > 1000) Then Bonus = 100 Else Bonus = 0 Discount = 0.05

Case Customer = Government

Discount = 0.10 Case Else Discount = 0.01 End Select

End If

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VB: Loops
total = 0 For month = 1 To 12 total = total + SalesForMonth(month) Next month month = 1 sales = 0 Do Until (sales > 100000) sales = sales + SalesForMonth(month) month = month + 1 Loop

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VB: Input and Output

Could use: InputBox, MsgBox, and Printer object. Generally just use data in the application. In this example, the form collects the data and displays the result.

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Sub Macro1() ' Keyboard Shortcut: Ctrl+Shift+U For Each c In Selection c.Value = PCase(c.Value) Next c End Sub

VBA: Excel Example

Function PCase(txt) ' Convert a text value to proper case Dim i As Integer txt = LCase(txt) Mid(txt, 1, 1) = UCase(Mid(txt, 1, 1)) i=2 Do While (i > 0) And (i < Len(txt)) i = InStr(i, txt, " ") If (i > 0) And (i < Len(txt)) Then Mid(txt, i + 1, 1) = UCase(Mid(txt, i + 1, 1)) i=i+1 End If Loop PCase = txt End Function
Introduction to MIS

ALTA SNOWBASIN BRIGHTON PARK CITY DEER PARK SOLITUDE Alta Snowbasin Brighton Park City Deer Park Solitude

143 154 113 115 120 137 143 154 113 115 120 137
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