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Math Powerpoint
A.
BASIC ARITHMETIC
Foundation of modern day life. Simplest form of mathematics.
Four Basic Operations : Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division plus sign minus sign x multiplication sign division sign
equal sign
2
1.
Beginning Terminology
Numbers Numbers - Symbol or word used to express value or quantity.
2.
Kinds of numbers
2.
B.
1.
Addition (cont)
Table of Digits
1. a. 222 + 222 444 2. a. 813 + 267 1080 3. a. 813 222 + 318 1353
c.
c.
2.
Subtraction
Number Line - Can show subtraction.
Subtraction with pictures Number Line
Position larger numbers above smaller numbers. If subtracting larger digits from smaller digits, borrow from next column.
8 -397 141
8
4 1 53
2.
a. 11 -6 5
b.
12 - 4 8
c. 28 - 9 19
d.
33 - 7 26
e.
41 - 8 33
3.
a. 27 - 19 8
b. 23 - 14 9
c.
86 - 57 29
d.
99 - 33 66
e.
72 - 65 7
SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES (cont) 4. a. 387 - 241 146 b. 399 - 299 100 312 - 186 126 63 - 8 55 c. 847 - 659 188 c. 419 - 210 209 d. 732 - 687 45
5.
b.
d.
6.
b.
c.
47 - 32 15
219 - 191 28
d.
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
10
3.
2 +8 10 -8 2
5 +3 8 -3 5
73 + 48 121 - 48 73
11
2.
a. 87 - 87 1
b.
291 - 192 99
c.
367 - 212 55
d.
28 - 5 24 21 - 83 104
3.
a. 34 + 12 46
b.
87 13 81 + 14 195
c. 87 13 81 + 14 746
d.
4.
a.
28 - 16 22
b.
361 - 361 0
c.
12
5
2. a. 87 - 87 1 + 87 b.
9
291 - 192 99 + 192 c.
8
367 - 212 55 + 212 d.
99
28 - 5 24 +5
88
3. a. 34 + 12 46 - 12 b.
291 195
87 13 81 + 14 195 b. 361 - 361 0 + 361 c. c.
267 949
103 212 439 + 195 746 2793142 - 1361101 1432141 + 1361101
29
d. 21 + 83 104 - 83
34
4. a. 28 - 16 22 + 16
21
# = Right # = Wrong
38
361
2793242
13
4.
Multiplication
14
4.
Multiplication (cont)
Complex Multiplication - Carry result to next column.
Problem: 48 x 23
+2
48
+2
48
+1
48
+1
48
X 23 4
X 23 144
X 23 144 6
2.
a.
87 x7 609
b.
43 x 2 86
c. 56 x 0 0
d.
99 x 6 594
3.
a. 24 x 13 312
b. 53 x 15 795
c. 49 x 26 1274
d.
55 x 37 2035
16
99 x 27 2673
d. 83 x 69 5727
5.
a.
b.
843 x 34 28,662
6.
a. 360 x 37 13,320
b.
884 x 63 55,692
c. 111 x 19 2109
c. 987 x 654 645,498
7.
a.
b.
17
5.
Division
Finding out how many times a divider goes into a whole number.
15
5=3
15
3=5
18
5.
Division (cont)
Shown Shown by by using using a a straight straight bar bar
or or
sign. sign.
10 5 48 5040 48 2 40 240 0
1 times 48 = 48 50 minus 48 = 2 & bring down the 4 48 goes into 24 zero times. Bring down other 0. 48 goes into 240, five times 5 times 48 = 240 240 minus 240 = 0 remainder
DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES 1. 211 a. 48 5040 13 a. 9 117 256 a. 23 5888 98 a. 98 9604 50 a. 50 2500
b.
62 7 434
c.
92 9 828
2.
101 c. 10 1010
3.
4.
5.
20
6.
7 a. 21 147
61 a. 32 1952 67 r 19 a. 87 5848
b.
9000 3 27000
7.
8.
9.
21
C.
3 8
11 16
or
11 16
Any number smaller than 1, must be a fraction. Try thinking of the fraction as so many of a specified number of parts. For example: Think of 3/8 as three of eight parts or... Think of 11/16 as eleven of sixteen parts.
1.
4 = 4 x 6 = 24 or 6 6
24 6
22
1. 49 to sevenths
2. 40 to eighths 3. 54 to ninths
= 49 x 7 7 = 40 x 8 8 = 54 x 9 9 = 27 x 3 3 = 12 x 4 4
= = = = =
343 7
or or or or or
343 7
320 8
486 9 81 3
320 8
486 9 81 3 48 4 650 5
4. 27 to thirds
5. 12 to fourths
48 4
650 5
6. 130 to fifths
= 130 x 5 = 5
or
23
2.
3. 4.
Mixed numbers.
Combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.
or
7 8
31 8 24
1. 4 1/2 2. 8 3/4 3. 19 4. 7
7/16
= =
4x2 2 8x4 4
8 2 24 4
+ + + + +
1 2 3 4
= 9 2 = 27 4
19 x 16 = 304 16 16 7 x 12 = 84 12 12 6 x 14 = 14 5 x 64 = 64 84 14
7 = 311 16 16 11 = 95 12 12 9 = 93 14 14 1 = 321 64 64
11/12
5. 6
6. 5
9/14
1/64
320 64
25
1. 37/7 = 2. 44/4 =
= 37 = 44 = 23 = 43
7 = 5, remainder 2 = 5 2/7 (a mixed number) 4 = 11, no remainder = 11 (a whole number) 5 = 4, remainder 3 = 4 3/5 (a mixed number) 9 = 4, remainder 7 = 4 7/9 (a mixed number)
3. 23/5 =
4. 43/9 = 5. 240/8 =
= 240
6. 191/6 = = 191
26
6. Reducing Fractions
Reducing - Changing to different terms.
Terms - The name for numerator and denominator of a fraction. Reducing does not change value of original fraction.
a.
. 16 . 2 = 8 . 32 . 2 = 16
. 2= 4 b. 8 . . .
16
2= 8
. 2= 2 c. 4 . . . 8
2= 4
. 2= 1 d. 2 . . . 4
2= 2
27
Divide the original denominator (20) by the desired denominator (4) = 5.. Then divide both parts of original fraction by that number (5).
b. 36 40 to 10ths = c. 24 36 to 6ths =
36 40
. . 4= 9 . . 4 = 10 4 6
. 24 . 6 = 36 . . 6=
d. 12 36 to 9ths = e. 30 45 to 15ths =
f.
16
76 to 19ths =
12 36
30 45 16 76
. . 4= . . 4= . . 3= . . 3= . . 4= . . 4=
3 9
10 15 4 19
28
a. b.
6 3
10
9
= = = =
a.
. 6 . 2= 3 . 2= 5 10 . . 3 . 3= 1 . 3= 3 9 . . 6 . 2= 3 . 2 = 32 64 .
a.
c.
64
a.
d. 13 32 e. 32 48 f. 16 76
Cannot be reduced.
. 32 . 2 = . 2= 64 . . 16 . 2 = . 2= 76 . . 16 . 2 = 8 . 2 = 16 32 . . 8 . 2= 4 . 2 = 19 38 . . 8 . 8= . 8= 16 .
=
=
a.
16 32 8 38
b.
c.
1 2
a.
b.
29
9. Common Denominator
Two or more fractions with the same denominator. 7 6 2 1 8 8 8 8 When denominators are not the same, a common denominator is found by multiplying each denominator together. 1 7 5 5 2 3 1 36 24 12 18 9 8 6
6 x 8 x 9 x 12 x 18 x 24 x 36 = 80,621,568 80,621,568 is only one possible common denominator ... but certainly not the best, or easiest to work with.
30
12
18
24
36
2x2x2
3x3
2x3x2
2x3x3
3x2x2x2
2x2x3x3
The most number of times any single factors appears in a set is multiplied by the most number of time any other factor appears.
(2 x 2 x 2) x (3 x 3) = 72
2x3x2
3x2x2x2
2x2 x5
2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48
2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60
31
12
18
24
36
2x2x2
3x3
2x3x2
2x3x3
3x2x2x2
2x2x3x3
LCD = 72
Divide the LCD by each of the other denominators, then multiply both the numerator and denominator of the fraction by that result. 1 6
. 6 = 12 72 .
12
. 8=9 72 .
. 9=8 72 .
. 12 = 6 72 .
1 x 12 = 12 6 x 12 = 72
3 x 9 = 27 8 x 9 = 72
2 x 8 = 16 9 x 8 = 72
5 x 6 = 30 12 x 6 = 72
32
12
24
20
2x3
2x3x2
3x2x2x2
2x2 x5
2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24
. 24 . 6 = 4 6 1x4= 4 6 x 4 = 24 . 24 . 8 = 3 8 1x3= 3 8 x 3 = 24 . 24 . 12 = 2
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48
2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60
1 12
. 60 . 10 = 6 3 x 6 = 18 10 x 6 = 60 . 60 . 15 = 4 4 x 4 = 16 15 x 4 = 60 . 60 . 20 = 3 7 x 3 = 21 20 x 3 = 60
12
1x2= 2 12 x 2 = 24
33
2 4
3 4
6 4
1 2
34
1.
3 4 6 4
+
=
3 4
2.
2
5 4 10
+ +
1
7 10 7 10
= =
11 10
11 2
=1
10
3.
9 32 9
+
+
7
15 16 30 32
= =
39 32
4.
2 5
+ 13 4 =
15 20
5+1=6
8 20
32
=1
+
3
23 20
32
=1
20 + 6
=7
3 20
35
1 4
5 16
1 4
4 16
1 16
36
10
2 3
- 412
. 2=3 6.
3 x 2 = 6 (LCD)
10 - 4 = 6
Add whole number and fraction together to form complete answer.
1 + 6 =
1 6
37
3 3 8 16
becomes
6 5 16 3 16 1
(LCD) = 16
Six-sixteenths cannot be subtracted from one-sixteenth, so 1 unit ( 16 ) is borrowed from the 5 units, leaving 4.
16
Add
16 16
to
1 16
4
Subtract the fractions.
17 - 6 = 11 16 16 16
17 16
- 3 6 16
4-3=1
Add whole number and fraction together to form complete answer.
11 + 16 =
11 16 38
1.
2 5 6 15
1 3 15
= =1
15
4.
33 33
3 5 15
- 15 2 5 = - 15 615 = - 15
6
15
32
5 8 3 12
20 15
= 1714
15
2.
= =9
24
5. 101 =3
8
15 - 6 24 24
- 57 1516 = 4 15 101 16 - 57 16 =
1 4
100
3.
20 16
- 57 1516 = 43 516
= 4 13
47
2 5
47
- 28 13 = 6 5 = 19 115 28 15 15
6. 14
- 10 5 12 = 9 5 4 14 12 - 10 12 = 4 12
3 4
39
4 16
4 16
12
4 16
12 64
. .
4 4
3 16
40
4 1
12 4
. .
4 4
3 1
41
18. Cancellation
Makes multiplying fractions easier. If numerator of one of fractions and denominator of other fraction can be evenly divided by the same number, they can be reduced, or cancelled. Example:
8 X 5 = 3 16 1 X 5 = 5 3 2 6
18
5 3 X 16 =
2
12 X 3 = 21 24
7 2
1 X 1 = 1 14 7 2
42
3 X 4 = 3 4 16 16 4 2 2 = X 3 5 5
2.
26 X 126 = 1
9 X 2 = 1 1 5 5 3
3.
4.
5. 35
4 4 X 35 =
6.
9 X 3 = 27 50 5 10
5 = 10 X 33 3 11
7. 16 X 7 = 7 12
72
8. 2
9.
77 5 X 15 = 25 23
43
3 4
1 becomes 5
5 = 15 = 3 3 X 4 4 4 1
3 316
51 16
2 1
8
17 8
becomes
16 X 3 + 3 16 51 X 16 8 17
51 16
and 2
X 8 + 1 8
17 8
Inverts to
3 51 X 16 2
1 8 17 1
= 32 X 1 1
1 1 3 2X 1 = 2 = 1 2
Double Cancellation
44
3 = 1 1 4 6
2.
51 16
3 = 8
8 12
3.
18
1 = 144 8
4.
15
7 12 =
25 57
5.
14 3
7 = 4
2 23
45
D.
1.
DECIMAL NUMBERS
Decimal System
System of numbers based on ten (10).
5 = .5 10
5 100 = .05
3 digits
5 1000 = .005
999 1000
same number of zeros as digits in numerator)
46
2.
55
7 100 is
written 55.07
Decimal Fraction (Hundredths) Decimal Fraction (Tenths)
Whole Number
555
77 1000
is written 555.077
Decimal Fraction (Thousandths) Decimal Fraction (Hundredths) Decimal Fraction (Tenths)
47
Whole Number
2.
3.
Addition of Decimals
Addition of decimals is same as addition of whole numbers except for the location of the decimal point.
Add .865 + 1.3 + 375.006 + 71.1357 + 735 Align numbers so all decimal points are in a vertical column. Add each column same as regular addition of whole numbers. Place decimal point in same column as it appears with each number.
49
4.
Subtraction of Decimals
Subtraction of decimals is same as subtraction of whole numbers except for the location of the decimal point.
Solve: 62.1251 - 24.102
Write the numbers so the decimal points are under each other. Subtract each column same as regular subtraction of whole numbers. Place decimal point in same column as it appears with each number.
50
5.
Multiplication of Decimals
Rules For Multiplying Decimals
Multiply the same as whole numbers.
Count the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point in both numbers. Position the decimal point in the answer by starting at the extreme right digit and counting as many places to the left as there are in the total number of decimal places found in both numbers.
Solve: 38.639 X 2.08 Decimal point 3 places over.
3 8 .6 3 9 Decimal point 2 places over. x 2.0 8 306 952 7 7 2 7 8 0 0 Add zeros to help eliminate errors. 8 0.3 4 7 5 2 Then, add the numbers.
6.
Division of Decimals
Rules For Dividing Decimals
Place number to be divided (dividend) inside the division box. Place divisor outside. Move decimal point in divisor to extreme right. (Becomes whole number) Move decimal point same number of places in dividend. (NOTE: zeros are added in dividend if it has fewer digits than divisor). Mark position of decimal point in answer (quotient) directly above decimal point in dividend. Divide as whole numbers - place each figure in quotient directly above digit involved in dividend. Add zeros after the decimal point in the dividend if it cannot be divided evenly by the divisor. Continue division until quotient has as many places as required for the answer.
Solve: 123.573 137.4 52
6.
Division of Decimals
993 137. 4. 1 2 3 . 5. 7 3 0 0 109 92 13 653 12 366 1 2870 1 2366 5040 4122 918
.8
remainder
53
1. Add the following decimals. a. .6 + 1.3 + 2.8 = 4.7 b. c. d. 72.8 + 164.02 + 174.01 = 410.83 185.7 + 83.02 + 9.013 =
277.733
a.
b. c. d. e. f.
98.847
54
40.7
f.
g.
i.
55
b. .8
c. 1.2
517 6 2 0.4
d. 6
1.1 1 3 1 6.6 7 8 6
e. 1.1
10 0 110.0
56
E.
a. 6
10
b. 3
c. 4
.6
f. 8
.6
g. 7
.8
d. 1
.2
i. 7
e. 1
.5
20
20
h. 15 20
25
j. 12 25
.4
k. 17 20
.35
l. 49 50 m.
.75
.28
n.
.48
o.
15 6 25
9 10
1 25
.85
.98
1.9
1.04
6.6
57
F.
PERCENTAGES
1. Percents
Used to show how many parts of a total are taken out. Short way of saying by the hundred or hundredths part of the whole. The symbol % is used to indicate percent. Often displayed as diagrams. 4/4 = 100%
1/4
or
1/4
1/4
1/4
25% or 25/100
25/100 = 25%
To change a decimal to a %, move decimal point two places to right and write percent sign. .15 = 15% .55 = 55% .853 = 85.3% 1.02 = 102% Zeros may be needed to hold place. .8 = 80%
58
7.
8. 9.
59
2. Percentage
Refers to value of any percent of a given number. First number is called base. Second number called rate... Refers to percent taken from base. Third number called percentage.
Rule: The product of the base, times the rate, equals the percentage. Percentage = Base x Rate or P=BxR NOTE: Rate must always be in decimal form. To find the formula for a desired quantity, cover it and the remaining factors indicate the correct operation. Only three types of percent problems exist.
R P B
R=PxB P= R B
61
A.
BASE
PERCENTAGE
B.
1875 gallons
C.
148 feet
D.
3268.5 Square inches
E.
$ 875.00
2400 lbs
80%
1920 lbs. A.
45%
843.75 Gal. B.
15%
22.2 feet C.
4 1/2%
147.08 sq.in. D.
19.5%
$170.63 E.
2.
The labor and material for renovating a building totaled $25,475. Of this amount, 70% went for labor and the balance for materials. Determine: (a) the labor cost, and (b) the material cost.
3.
5.
6. 7.
Sales tax is 9%. Your purchase is $4.50. How much do you owe? $4.91
You have 165 seconds to finish your task. At what point are you 70% finished? 115.5 seconds You make $14.00 per hour. You receive a 5% cost of living raise. How much raise per hour did you get? How much per hour are you making now? $.70 /hr raise Making $14.70 /hr
62
G.
4. 5.
6.
2400 divided by 6 = 400 per person 400 divided by 5 days = 80 per day per person
6 x 200 = 1200 sq. ft. divided by 400 = 3 cans of dye 2mm x .97 = 1.94 min 2mm x 1.03 = 2.06 max
7. 8.
63
H.
METRICS
1. Metrication
Denotes process of changing from English weights and measures to the Metric system. U.S. is only major country not using metrics as standard system. Many industries use metrics and others are changing.
Metric Prefixes: Kilo = Hecto = Deka = deci = centi = milli = 1000 units 100 units 10 units 0.1 unit (one-tenth of the unit) 0.01 (one-hundredth of the unit) 0.001 (one thousandth of the unit)
64
A.
Example 1:
Using three pieces of masking tape of the following English measurement lengths: 4 1/8 inches, 7 6/16 inches, and 2 3/4 inches, determine the total length of the tape.
Step 1: Find the least common denominator (16). This is done because unequal fractions cant be added. Convert all fractions to the least common denominator. Add to find the sum. Change sum to nearest whole number. 4 1/8 = 4 2/16 7 9/16 = 7 9/16 2 3/4 = 2 12/16
Step 2:
Step 3: Step 4:
13 23/16 14 7/16
Step 1:
Step 2:
or
336 mm
33.6 cm
MUCH EASIER
66
2. Metric Abbreviations
Drawings must contain dimensions. Words like inches, feet, millimeters, & centimeters take too much space. Abbreviations are necessary.
Dimensioned Drawing
30mm
12mm
12
30 25mm 76
76mm
25
SLIDE BLOCK
SLIDE BLOCK
NOTE: All dimensions are in millimeters.
67
110mm or 11.0cm
8.35cm or 83.5mm
Both scales graduated the same... Numbering is different. Always look for the abbreviation when using metric scales. Always place 0 at the starting point and read to end point. 68
a.
_______ 109 mm 81.5 mm _______ 3.1 _______ cm 103 mm _______ 6.3 _______ cm 80.5 mm _______ 10.85 cm _______ 23 _______ mm 91.5 mm _______
b.
c. d. e.
f.
g. h. i.
j.
4.25 cm _______
69
One Yard:
About the length between your nose and the end of your right hand with your arm extended. About the length between your left ear and the end of your right hand with your arm extended. About the width of the fingernail on your pinky finger. About the length between the knuckle and the end of your index finger.
One Meter:
One Centimeter:
One Inch:
70
Weight: A paper clip weighs about one gram. A nickel weighs about five grams.
71
Equivalent Units:
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
Place Value To change to a smaller unit, move decimal to right. To change to a larger unit, move decimal to left.
72
Prefix
Move the decimal 3 places to the right. 15 liters = 15.000 liters = 15000ml
73
74
5. Conversion Factors
Conversion Table for Length
75
5. Conversion Factors
Conversion of Volume Volume measures the total space occupied by three-dimensional objects or substances. Volume of six-sided spaces is calculated as length x width x height. Volume of spheres and cylinders is more complicated. Term cubic is used because it is a math function involving 3 factors. 2ft x 4ft x 3ft = 24 Cubic Feet English
1 cubic inch = 1 cubic inch 1 cubic foot = 1728 cubic inches (12 x 12 x 12) 1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet (3 x 3 x 3)
Metric
1 cubic meter = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters (100 x 100 x 100) 1 foot = .305 meters and 1 meter = 3.28 feet Factors can be converted before or after initial calculation.
76
77
78
3. How long are lines A and B in this figure? A = 53 mm, or 5.3 cm B = 38 mm, or 3.8 cm 4. How long is the line below? (Express in metric units). 69 mm 5. Convert the following: a. 1 meter = __________millimeters 1000
b. c. d. 5 cm = ____________millimeters 50
1.2 12 mm = ___________centimeters
700 7m = _____________centimeters
79
H.
THE CALCULATOR
Functions vary from one manufacturer to the next. Most have same basic functions. More advanced scientific models have complicated applications. Solar models powered by sunlight or normal indoor light.
1. Basic Keys: On/Off Key: Turns calculator on or off. Solar unit will not have off key.. C/AC: Press once ( C ) to clear last entry - Press twice (AC) to clear all functions. Key: Controls the division function. X Key: Controls the multiplication function. - Key: Controls the subtraction function. + Key: Controls the addition function. Key: Controls the square root function. M+ Key: Adds a number or function to the memory register, to be recalled later. M- Key: Subtracts number or function from memory register. MR Key: Memory Recall recalls function stored in register. MC Key: Memory Clear clears or erases all contents from memory. % Key: Controls the percentage functions
80
2. Calculator Functions: Cannot give correct answer if given the wrong information or command. Decimals must be placed properly when entering numbers. Wrong entries can be cleared by using the C/AC button. Calculators usually provide a running total. ADDITION Add 3, 8, 9, and 14. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Press 3 key - number 3 appears on screen.. Press + key - number 3 remains on screen. Press 8 key - number 8 appears on screen. Press + key - running total of 11 appears on screen. Press the 9 key - number 9 appears on screen. Press + key - running total of 20 appears on screen. Press 1 & 4 keys - number 14 appears on screen. Press the = key - number 34 appears. This is the answer.
In step 8, pressing the + key would have displayed the total. Pressing the = key stops the running total function and ends the overall calculation.
81
1.
82
SUBTRACTION SUBTRACT 25 FROM 187. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Press 1, 8, and 7 keys - number 187 appears on screen.. Press - key - number 187 remains on screen. Press 2 & 5 keys- number 25 appears on screen. Press = key - number 162 appears on screen. This is the answer.
1.
2.
83
MULTIPLICATION MULIPLY 342 BY 174. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Press 3, 4, and 2 keys - number 342 appears on screen.. Press X key - number 342 remains on screen. Press 1, 7 & 4 keys- number 174 appears on screen. Press = key - number 59508 appears on screen. This is the answer.
1.
2.45 x 16 40.64
2.
60.8 x 19 1155.2
84
DIVISION DIVIDE 66 BY 12.3 Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Press the 6 key twice - number 66 appears on screen.. Press key - number 66 remains on screen. Press 1, 2,. (decimal), & 3 keys- number 12.3 appears on screen. Press = key - number 5.3659 appears on screen. This is the answer.
1. .2961
2.
13.5678
11.1
3. .1765
.5
= 0.05922
= 1.22232
= 0.353
85
PERCENTAGES FIND 1.3% OF 50 Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Press the 5 and 0 keys - number 50 appears on screen.. Press x key - number 50 remains on screen. Press 1, . (decimal), & 3 keys- number 1.3 appears on screen. Press % key - number .065 appears on screen. This is the answer.
1.
Find 5% of:
a. 150 = 7.5 b. 675 = 33.75
2.
3.
Find 26% of
a. 260
b. 212
= 67.6 = 55.12
c. 100 = 5
c. 1817 = 472.42
86
87