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4 Viewing Transformations
4 Viewing Transformations
Viewing parameters Viewing projections - Parallel - Parallel orthographic projection - Parallel oblique projection
Viewing transformations
Viewing transformations are concerned with projecting 3D objects onto 2D surfaces
Virtual camera
Yw Zw View up-direction
U Xw Viewing distance
View plane
V Handedness axis
Viewing projections
Parallel
centre of projection in the infinity the projection lines are parallel
Projection plane
Projection lines
Pp a r =
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
xp = x yp = y
Projection plane
Y
Matrix
1 0 L c os 0
0 1 L sin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
L sin
P'
Pob l =
P( 0,0 1) Z
L cos
Parallel projections
preserve relative dimensions of the objects do not give realistic appearance
Perspective projections
The projection lines meet in one or more projection centre(s)
Y
P'
COP
z
y P P'
COP
z
D
P = (x, y, z) P' = (xp, yp, D )
yp D
yp
y z
xp D
xp
x z
Dy y = = z z/ D
Dx x = = z z/ D
Transformation matrix
Pper =
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1/D
0 0 0 0
xp Dx x = = z z/ D
yp
Dy y = = z z/ D
P'
COP
P'
COP
yp y = D z+D Dy y yp = = z+ D (z/ D) + 1
xp x = D z+D Dx x xp = = z+ D (z/ D) + 1
Transformation matrix
Pper =
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1/D
0 0 0 1
Dy y yp = = z+ D (z/ D) + 1
Dx x xp = = z+ D (z/ D) + 1
Perspective projections
do not preserve relative dimensions give realistic appearance
Clipping
Used to restrict the depth of the projected scene
View plane