Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module 7
Module 7
Module 7
Where are we?
1 : Introduction to aircraft performance, atmosphere
2 : Aerodynamics, air data measurements
3 : Weights / CG, engine performance, level flight
4 : Turning flight, flight envelope
5 : Climb and descent performance
6 : Cruise and endurance
7 : Payload-range, cost index
8 : Take-off performance
9 : Take-off performance
10 : Enroute and landing performance
11 : Wet and contaminated runways
12 : Impact of performance requirements on aircraft design
2
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range
3
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range - Introduction
4
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Mission profile
5
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Mission profile (Cont’d)
6
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Mission profile (Cont’d)
7
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Mission profile (Cont’d)
8
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Fuel reserves
9
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Fuel reserves (Cont’d)
10
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Fuel reserves (Cont’d)
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Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Range calculation
12
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Range calculation (Cont’d)
13
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Range calculation (Cont’d)
Assume values for OWE, payload, fuel quantity, fuel reserves, and cruise flight level
14
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Range calculation (Cont’d)
15
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Range calculation (Cont’d)
Climb from 1500 ft to top of climb (initial cruise flight level)
Climb time, distance and fuel are calculated or obtained from manufacturer’s climb data
• Weight at top of climb = WTOC = WETO – climb fuel
• Verify that r/c at top of climb meets minimum required r/c (reduce cruise flight level if minimum requirement is not met)
•
16
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Range calculation (Cont’d)
17
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Range calculation (Cont’d)
18
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Range calculation (Cont’d)
19
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Payload-range diagram
16000 A
A MZFW Limit B
Payload - lb
12000 MTO
W Lim
it C
8000
M
ax imi
4000
.
L
Fu
0
el
t
0 1000 2000 3000 D
Range - nm
20
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Payload-range diagram (Cont’d)
16000 A
A MZFW Limit B
Payload - lb
12000 MTO
W Lim
it C
8000
M
ax imi
4000
.
L
Fu
0
el
t
0 1000 2000 3000 D
Range - nm
21
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Payload-range diagram (Cont’d)
16000 A
A MZFW Limit B
Payload - lb
12000 MTO
W Lim
it C
8000
M
ax imi
4000
.
L
Fu
0
el
t
0 1000 2000 3000 D
Range - nm
22
Payload-range and Cost Index
Payload-range – Payload-range diagram (Cont’d)
23
Payload-range and Cost Index
Cost index
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Payload-range and Cost Index
Cost index - Introduction
We can now calculate the fuel and time required for a given mission using various assumptions regarding operation of the aircraft:
Climb speed
•
Cruise altitude
•
Cruise speed
•
Descent speed
•
Operationally, it is desirable to select assumptions such that operating costs will be minimized
The Cost Index concept is used by many airlines as a means to select optimum operating conditions and to minimize operating costs
25
Payload-range and Cost Index
Cost Index - Economy Speed
Cost components
• Crew - f(time)
• Fuel - f(time,L/D,TSFC)
• DMC - f(time,rating)
• Ldg/Nav - f(weight)
Time
Block Speed
26
Payload-range and Cost Index
Cot Index - Economy Speed Sample Calculation
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Payload-range and Cost Index
Cost Index – Derivation of Cost Index
C=C I p f W fu e C
l
III
dC d I dWfuel dW fuel C I
= C + pf =0 =−
dt dt dt dt min cos t
pf
differential eqn for min. cost
I
C
CI = −
pf
One
Onenumber
numberserves
servesto
toidentify
identifythe
theeconomy
economy
flight
flighttechnique
techniquefor
forall
allmissions
missions
28
Payload-range and Cost Index
Cost Index – Derivation of Cost Index (Cont’d)
In practice, Cost Index (CI) is calculated as follows in the American environment:
CI = 50
29
Payload-range and Cost Index
Cost Index - Block Fuel-Time Curve
• Many flight techniques
share the same Cost Index
• Flight technique with
Distinct flight techniques;
minimum fuel for given
each denotes a given
climb schedule,
Cost Index is min. cost
Minimum initial cruise altitude,
Block Time
cruise speed, step profile
Fuel and descent schedule
Optimum altitude or
Maximum service ceiling
Increasing
Altitude Minimum
Fuel
Block Time
30
Payload-range and Cost Index
Cost Index Values for Various Equipment
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Payload-range and Cost Index
Performance Document Presentation for Climb
common
0
0
50
10
x=
cruise point
nde
st I
Co
common
initial climb
Some observations
• Objective is least cost to climb to common cruise point
• Max RoC (steeper trajectory) & min. fuel with Cost Index Zero
• CLB thrust decrease = slower economy climb speed
• Tailwind = slower economy climb speed
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Payload-range and Cost Index
Performance Document Presentation for Cruise
Fixed Altitude
Some observations
• Cost Index promotes less variation in Mach as AUW decreases
• Tailwind = slower economy cruise speed
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Payload-range and Cost Index
Performance Document Presentation for Descent
100
common Co
50
cruise point st
Ind
ex
=0
common EoD @
common speed
Some observations
• Objective is least cost to descend from common cruise point
• Max RoD (steeper trajectory) at high Cost Index
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Payload-range and Cost Index
Identifying Economy Flight Techniques:
CRJ700, 1000 nm Sector Example
Trajectory A: Minimum Fuel
Optimum Altitude CLB Mode L, MRC and DES Mode L
TOC BOD
Trajectory B: Intermediate
CLB Mode L, MCRZ and DES Mode L
Flight Level
Cruise Soaking
Origin Destination
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Payload-range and Cost Index
Identifying Economy Flight Techniques:
CRJ700, 1000 nm Sector Example (Cont’d)
9800 CLB Mode H
MCRZ @ FL 310
9600 DES Mode H
9400
9200
mean curve
9000
Block Fuel (lb)
8800
CLB Mode H
8600 MCRZ @ FL 390
DES Mode H
8400 CLB Mode L
MCRZ @ FL 390
8200 DES Mode N
8000
Cost Index = 22 CLB Mode L
7800 Close to MRC @ FL 390
DES Mode L
7600
150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168
Block Time (min.)
Based on input crew cost, engine/airframe maintenance cost, materials
cost, reserves and typical fuel price ==> Cost Index = 22
Optimal technique in ISA, still air corresponds to
CLB Mode L / MCRZ @ opt. FL / DES Mode N
36
Payload-range and Cost Index