The process is also called MMAW Manual Metal Arc Welding MAW Manual Arc Welding SMAW Shielded

ded Metal Arc Welding Stick welding

July 9, 2013

Safety aspects of welding

July 9, 2013

Electric shock Fume, dust and ozone Ultraviolet radiation Hot workpiece and welding equipment Fire and explosion hazards Handling compressed gas cylinders

July 9, 2013

 The welder is insulated from the floor, workpiece, electrode holder

and electrode by wearing rubber-soled footwear suitable gloves and overalls.
The welder stand on a dry, insulated mat or platform. The work area is dry, clean and tidy. The welding power source is correctly installed and in good working condition. All cables are suitable & in good condition (e.g. no bare wires) and they are dry. All cable connections are clean and tight (no loose contacts) The current return cable (earth cable) is firmly attached to the job or firmly attached to the metal workbench The electrode holder properly insulated and is in good condition.
July 9, 2013 4

July 9, 2013

July 9, 2013

Wrong positioning during welding

July 9, 2013

Correct positioning during welding

July 9, 2013

July 9, 2013

Choice of Filter glass

Current range
15-40 A 40-60 A

Filter mumber
7-9 8-10

60-150 A
150-250 A 250-500 A

10-11
11-12 12-14

July 9, 2013

10

Protective Cloathing leather aprons

July 9, 2013

Recommended

11

July 9, 2013

12

Unsafe working Conditions

Poor House keeping

July 9, 2013

13

Safe Working Conditions

Good House keeping

July 9, 2013

14

Unsafe working

July 9, 2013

15

Safe working

July 9, 2013

16

MMAW Process - Basics

July 9, 2013

17

The name implies Welding with Electric arc and Shielding from Coated electrode
July 9, 2013 18

Advantages
Most versatile process.
Can be used for all positions and for wide thickness range. Can be used in Shop and site. Highly portable

Almost all metals can be welded by this processes.

External shielding etc is not required. So less number

of equipment and gadgets.

The investment for equipment is relatively less, Process is simple.
July 9, 2013 19

Arc is discharge of current between two contacts through air gap

July 9, 2013

20

Electric Welding arc

Electric discharge between

two electrodes through ionised gas

10 to 2000 amps at 10 to 50 V

Peak temperatures 18,000 K

arc voltage Cathode drop zone

Column of ionised gas at high

temperature and Magnetic Forces enable

Transfer of molten metal from

Anode drop zone 4,000 K

electrode to workpiece

Can have a cleaning action,

breaking up oxides on workpiece

July 9, 21 2013

MMAW welding process. Intense heat of welding arc causes flux coating to form a slag and a gaseous shield which protect the weld from atmospheric contamination.
July 9, 2013 22

1)electrode holder
2) flux coated consumable electrode 3) welding arc 4) component being welded

5) fume extractor
6) current return cable
July 9, 2013 23

Electrical Circuit for arc welding

Earth clamp Electrode Electrode holder

Electric Arc
Work piece for welding

Welding cable

Welding power source

Earthing cable
July 9, 2013 24

Voltage

Arc voltage Is directly In proportion with Arc length

Current

July 9, 2013

25

July 9, 2013

26

July 9, 2013

27

Straight polarity DCEN Electrode Negative

_
1/3

2/3

July 9, 2013

28

Direct Current DCEN - Straight Polarity

+
+
+ + +

DCEN
July 9, 2013 29

Reverse Polarity DCEP - Electrode Positive

_

2/3 (66,6%)

1/3 (33,3%)

July 9, 2013

30

Direct Current DCEP - Reverse Polarity

+

+ + + +

DCEP
July 9, 2013 31

Comparison of Polarity DCEP

Used for low hydrogen type electrodes
Used for non-ferrous welding Better for root pass, vertical and overhead welding Maximum penetration

DCEN
All steels except low hydrogen type Not suited for non-ferrous welding Shallow, narrow penetration Increased deposition rates
July 9, 2013 32

Alternate Current -AC

- +

+ 50%

50%

July 9, 2013

33

MMAW Equipments and Accessories

July 9, 2013

34

Power Sources
Types of Power Sources used for SMAW
Alternating Current (AC)

Transformer Motor-alternator

Direct Current (DC).

Transformer-rectifier Motor-generator Inverter

July 9, 2013

35

Comparison of Power Sources

AC Type
Voltage drop is lower Arc Blow problem not encountered

DC Type
Easy arc striking (especially small diameter) Better for all positions

Welding with short arc lengths is easier

July 9, 2013

36

Duty Cycle
Definition
It is the portion of the total working time that the power

source must deliver its rated output without exceeding a predetermined temperature limit.
Normally defined in a total time span of 10 minutes.

July 9, 2013

37

Inverter 6800 kwh/year

Rectifier 8500 kwh/year

Generater 12500 kwh/year

July 9, 2013

38

Energy consumption by SMAW Power sources

14000

Energy Consumption (KWH/year)

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Generator Transformer Inverter

July 9, 2013

Welding Current - A
39

Comparison of Invertor & Rectifier

July 9, 2013

40

MG Set

Diode Based machines

Thyristor based machines

Inverterised Machines

Assumption Input supply Investment Electrical cost Input current consumption for 4 mm electrode welding at 160 amps.

400 V, 3 PH

2 to 3 X 24 A
0.249 KWH
( 3x400x24x 0.9) 1000 x 60

1.25 X 18 A
0.187 KWH
( 3x400x18 x0.9) 1000 x 60

1.25 X 16 A
0.166 KWH
( 3x 400x16x0.9) 1000 x 60

X 7A
0.0727 KWH
( 3x400x7x 0.9) 1000 x 60

Electrical units consumed for 1 stick electrode per minute( Considering welding time of 1 minute per electrode)

Cost @Rs. 6 per electrical unit per electrode of 4 mm Cost of average no. of 180 electrodes consumed per shift per machine

Rs. 1.50 Rs. 270 Rs.( -)192

Rs. 1.122 Rs 202 Rs. (-)124

Rs. 0.996 Rs. 180 Rs. (-)102

Rs. 0.436 Rs. 78 --------41

Saving per shift over other machines

July 9, 2013

Electrode holders
This model has a fixed jaw and a spring loaded flexible jaw to apply pressure to grip the electrode

This model has a swival handle to grip the electrode

July 9, 2013

42

Slag removal Chipping Hammers

Manual arc welding leaves slag on top of weld bead
This slag must be removed completely after each pass.

July 9, 2013

43

Wire Brush
Used for removing

loose slag particles on the weld bead.

Also for cleaning base metal before welding

Note - Always use the wire brush suitable for the basic metal - to avoid any traces of contamination
July 9, 2013 44

Earth clamps
The return cable for

current is fixed by earth clamps with spring or by screw.

They are usually made

in brass or copper.

July 9, 2013

45

Welding Shield

Necessary to

protect against radiation

July 9, 2013

46

Choice of Filter glass

Current range
15-40 A 40-60 A

Filter mumber
7-9 8-10

60-150 A
150-250 A 250-500 A

10-11
11-12 12-14

July 9, 2013

47

MMAW Electrodes

July 9, 2013

48

In the begining arc welding was attempted with bare wire and then various coated electrodes were developed
1885 1889 1907 1912 1914 1927 1930 1932 1948 1960 Russia, Great Britain Russia + USA Sweden USA Strohmerger UK Benardos & Olszewki (carbon arc) Slavianof + Coffin (bare electrode) Kjellberg (covering for stabilise arc) (asbestos covering) (cellulose covering) Extrusion Iron oxide Rutile Iron powder Calcium, Zirconium, Iron powder coating.

July 9, 2013

49

Functions of Flux Coating

Primary Functions
Provide shielding for the arc Provide deoxidizers & fluxing agents Provide slag blanket to the molten weld pool Improve arc stability Providing alloying elements to the weld metal Improve deposition efficiency
July 9, 2013 50

Componants of flux coating

Cellulose Calcium bi carbonate Flurospar Dolomite Rutile (TiO2)

Functions
Principal
Shielding Gas former Shielding Gas former Slag former Shielding Gas former Slag former

Secondary
Improve arc force Improve fluidity Improve fluidity Improve fluidity Arc Stabiliser

Potassium titanate
Feldspar Mica

Arc Stabiliser
Slag former Assist in extrusion

Slag Former
Arc Stabiliser Arc Stabiliser

Argile
Silica Asbestos Manganese di oxide Iron oxides Iron powder Ferro silican

Assist in extrusion
Slag former Slag former Slag former Slag former Improve deposition rate De-oxidiser Alloy addition (Mn) Binder Arc stabilser

Slag Former
--Assist in extrusion Metal addition --Adherence of coating to core wire Metal addition

Ferro manganese
Sodium Silicate Pottassium Silicate
July 9, 2013

De-oxidiser
Improve fluidity Binder
51

AWS A5.1 classification

E XXXX - H
Tensile Strength in KPSI Hydrogen level (HmR)
H = 5 ml / 100g of WM R = low moisture pick-up

Useable positions
1=all positions 2=flat + horizontal 4=vertical down

Flux type (yz)

20 = acid (iron oxide) 10, 11 = cellulosic 12, 13 = rutile 24 = rutile iron powder 27 = acid iron powder 16 = basic 18, 28 = basic iron powder
52

July 9, 2013

 IS 814 EBXXXXHJ
Metal recovery 120%

Hydrogen control < 15ml / 100gm

Welding current Welding Position %E and Impact at specified temp UTS and YS Coating type basic Covered electrode
July 9, 2013 53

July 9, 2013

54

July 9, 2013

55

Selection of electrodes
Material is to be welded - its chemical composition
Its susceptibility to weld-metal cracking Strength - mechanical properties required Thickness of the material Type of joints Welding positions to be used Type of welding power source used, AC or DC

July 9, 2013

56

Electrode Identification
Colour coding Tip and/or grip end Name Printing Brand Name and/or Spec

July 9, 2013

57

 Packing of Electrodes
Cardboard carton Plastic cartons Vacuum sealed in Al foil Hermetically sealed cans

July 9, 2013

58

Recommended Storage for Electrodes

Below 50% relative humidity

Between 20 to 40 degree C

Conditioning of Electrodes before use

Drying at 100 to 300 deg C depending on type of electrode Holding above 100 deg C till use
July 9, 2013 59

Storage and conditioning of electrodes

Ovens for welding electrodes

July 9, 2013 60

MMAW Process Variables

July 9, 2013

61

 Electrode polarity (DC welding) Welding current

Electrode angle
Electrode travel speed Arc length

July 9, 2013

62

Influence of Polarity on Penetration in SMAW

DCEN AC DCEP

Penetration produced with the alternating current is midway between that achieved with negative polarity and positive polarity.

July 9, 2013

63

 Welding with DCEP produce deeper penetration

Welding with DCEN gives more filling and finishing

DCEN

AC

DCEP

July 9, 2013

64

Arc Length
Longer arc lengths = increased puddle heat, flatter and wider weld bead, less penetration Shorter arc lengths = less puddle heat, flatter and narrow weld bead, deep penetration Use arc length to control puddle size, penetration, and burn through.

Normal arc length is 1.5- 3.0 mm

Use a slightly longer arc length during a start or restart.
July 9, 2013 65

Effect of welding current

Low welding current cause
Poor starting Slag inclusions Irregular weld profile Weld bead contour too high Lack of root fusion Incomplete root penetration

High welding current cause

Excessive spatter

Excess penetration
Burn-through Undercut Irregular weld profile

July 9, 2013

66

Effect of Travel speed

Travel speed is too high: Irregular weld profile Lack of root fusion Incomplete root penetration Insufficient volume of weld metal deposited

Travel speed is too low:

July 9, 2013

Excess penetration Burn-through Undercut Irregular weld profile Weld bead contour too high
67

MMAW Techniques

July 9, 2013

68

Arc Striking

2 Methods
July 9, 2013 69

Restarts
Stagger all starts and stops or use run-on, run-off tabs Feather all restarts & start on top, or start in front and remelt Dont restart in a coupon area. Also stagger all beads on a single pass. Use a longer arc length when starting a weld.
July 9, 2013 70

Craters

Fill craters by reversing direction at the weld

end
Use a short arc length to control heat.
July 9, 2013 71

Weld Bead
A weld resulting from a pass

Weave Bead
July 9, 2013

Stringer Bead
72

Techniques
Stringer (drag) (whip)
Weave
Circles crescent zig zag box weave double J

July 9, 2013

73

Positions of welding

Down hand 1G

Horizontal 2G

Vertical 3G

Overhead 4G

Downhand 1F
July 9, 2013

Horizontal 2F
74

Progression (vertical)
Up
deeper penetration Higher deposit rate (Kg/hr) Use near 90 degree travel angle or slightly up

Down
faster (point to point) less penetration for thin metal

less dilution
Use steep grag angle

July 9, 2013

75

Electrode angles for Horizontal butt welding

July 9, 2013

76

July 9, 2013

77

July 9, 2013

78

Butt Joint Preperation

(Joints without backing)

600 included angle

Root faces Tacking Feather Tacks
1 3 mm

July 9, 2013

79

Open Root Technique

Use root opening to allow increase in amperage for smoother

welding
Whip backwards for penetration Whip forwards to reduce penetration Do Not Weave a root pass.

Maintain a short arc gap

Stay slightly in front of the puddle at all times. Use the

keyholing technique.
July 9, 2013 80

Butt Joint Preperation

(With Backing)

Root faces - 0 450 included angle Remove all mill scales and rust Tacking - not in groove

Tack away from coupon area.

Flush on backing

July 9, 2013

81

Welding grooves with Backing

Keep the root opening wide
Make the root pass in one bead Avoid tight areas at the weld toes

July 9, 2013

82

Root pass welding

July 9, 2013

83

5 4

3
2 1

Weld bead position for Multi-pass with weaving

July 9, 2013 84

8 5 6 3 4 2 1

9 10 7

Weld bead position for Multi-pass with Stringer beads

July 9, 2013 85

Weld Defects

July 9, 2013

86

WELD DEFECTS
TYPES
THEIR ORIGIN HOW TO AVOID THEM QUALITY CONTROL

July 9, 2013

87

TYPES OF WELD DEFECTS

Group 1 - Root defects

Incomplete penetration
Lack of root fusion Execess penetration Root concavity Shrinkage groove Burn through
88

Group 2 contour defects

Incompletely filled groove

Bulbous contour

Unequal legs
89

GROUP 3 - SURFACE IRREGULARITIES

Undercut

Overlap Gas pore Crater pipe

90

GROUP 4 - SURFACE CRACKS

Longitudinal/Centre-line

Parent metal/HAZ

Transverse

Crater
91

GROUP 5 - MISCELLANEOUS

Stray arc / arc strike

Spatter

92

Weld Spatter
Bubbles of gas becoming entrapped in the molten globule of metal, expanding with great violence and projecting small drops of metal outside the arc steam The spatter may be due to 1. Excessive arc current. 2. Longer arcs. 3. Damp electrodes. 4. Electrodes with improper wire or flux ingredients. 5. Arc blow making the arc uncontrollable.

July 9, 2013

93

GROUP 5 - MISCELLANEOUS

Overlap

Excess weld metal

94

GROUP 5 - MISCELLANEOUS

Excess penetration

Root concavity

95

Weld defects: Their effect

Indications with major dimensions greater than 1.6 mm are termed as relevant indications (ASME Sec VIII)

Cracks Pose the danger of

Having a length > than 3

growing under stress during service

Lack of penetration-reduces

times the width

the load carrying crosssection, corresponds geometrically to a crack

Lack of fusion corresponds

All relevant linear

indications are unacceptable

geometrically to a crack
July 9, 2013

No tungsten inclusions are

acceptable
96

Weld defects: Their effect

Porosities/Slag inclusion

reduce the load carrying cross-section

Undercut create notch

Rounded indication (circular

or elliptical with length =< 3 times width

Up to 4.8 mm are acceptable 4 or more rounded

effect at weld toe/trap slag - up to 0.8 mm acceptable if it lies parallel to the applied force - up to 0.25 mm acceptable if it lies transverse to the applied force.
July 9, 2013

indications in a line separated by 1.6 mm or less edge to edge distance are unacceptable

97

Weld defects: Their effect

Excess reinforcement Arc strikes/Spatters
Cause hardened

Stress concentration at the weld toe

Root side concavity Permitted when the weld thickness is at least equal to the thickness of the thinner member of the two sections and Contour of the concavity is smooth
July 9, 2013

spots/may become crack initiation spots during service

In DSS, spatters can

lead to inbalance in Ferrite/austenite ratio

98

Weld Defects

July 9, 2013

Hydrogen Induced Crack

99

Cracks in welds How to avoid

Cold cracks Ferritic steels

Proper preheat/ postheat - Use of thoroughly baked electrodes /fluxes

July 9, 2013

100

Cracks in welds How to avoid

Hot cracks

Ensure low S&P in Materials High S to Mn ratio in weld Use of Welding consumables

with adequate ferrite content (Austenitic SS)

Use of low heat input Ensuring high degree of

cleanliness during welding

Proper W/D ratio
July 9, 2013 101

Cracks in welds How to avoid

Effect of weld shape on cracking tendency: a) W:D = 1, sound weld b) W:D = 1.4, sound weld c) W:D = 0.7, weld tends to crack d) W:D = 2.0, weld tends to crack
July 9, 2013 102

Cracks in welds How to avoid

Effect of shape of root run: a) Incorrect, top concave b) Correct, flat or slightly convex
July 9, 2013 103

Cracks in welds How to avoid

Effect of weld shape in multipass welds: a & b) Concave with tendency to crack c) Slightly convex weld beads
July 9, 2013 104

Cracks in welds How to avoid

Cracking tendency of deep penetration weld: a) Incorrect shape b) Correct shape

Bridging large gap gives concave weld

Cracking of deep penetration fillet weld

July 9, 2013

105

Cracks in welds How to avoid

Control joint fit-up to reduce gaps. Clean off all contaminants from the material

Welding sequence will not lead to a build-up of

thermally induced stresses.

Select parameters/technique to produce a weld

bead with an adequate D to W ratio, or with sufficient throat thickness (fillet weld) (recommend a depth to width ratio of at least 0.5:1).
July 9, 2013 106

Cracks in welds How to avoid

Too large a D to W ratio which will encourage

segregation and excessive transverse strains in restrained joints. As a general rule, weld beads whose D to W ratio exceeds 2:1 will be prone to solidification cracking.
Avoid high welding speeds (at high current levels)

which increase the amount of segregation and the stress level across the weld bead.
At the run stop, ensure adequate filling of the

crater to avoid an unfavourable concave shape.

July 9, 2013 107

Lamellar tearing

Transverse strain - the shrinkage strains on welding must act in the short direction of the plate ie through the plate thickness Weld orientation - the fusion boundary will be roughly parallel to the plane of the inclusions Material susceptibility - the plate must have poor ductility in the throughthickness direction
108

Designs to avoid lamellar tearing

109

Porosity in welds How to avoid

Types of porosity
distributed surface breaking

pores wormhole crater pipes

110

Porosity in welds How to avoid

Nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen absorption due to

poor gas shielding

As little as 1% air entrainment in the shielding gas

will cause distributed porosity and greater than 1.5% results in gross surface breaking pores.

July 9, 2013

111

Porosity in welds How to avoid

Air entrainment
- Seal any air leak - Avoid weld pool turbulence - Use filler with adequate level of deoxidants - Reduce excessively high gas flow - Avoid draughts

Hydrogen
- Dry the electrode and flux - Clean and degrease the workpiece surface
July 9, 2013 112

Porosity in welds How to avoid

Crater pipe
- Sudden drop of welding current &/or stopping wire

addition during termination of welding cause crater pipe formation - Can be avoided by using down slope in Power Source and with adequate wire addition

July 9, 2013

113

Welding Quality Control

July 9, 2013

114

Welding quality control Availability of approved Welding Procedures

complying with Codes/ Specifications
Verification of Welder Performance Qualification

Records
Familiarity with workmanship standards and all

phases of good shop practice

July 9, 2013

115

Welding quality control

Review materials/welding consumables to be used Review storage and issue procedures of welding

consumables
Check condition of Power Sources and Calibration

Records

July 9, 2013

116

Welding quality control

Check fit-up and alignment of weld joints as per the

Drawing Requirement
Check adequacy of preheating/ postheating

arrangements

July 9, 2013

117

Welding quality control

Proper included angle

sufficient for reaching root of joint to ensure fusion to side walls

Proper root opening/root face

To ensure proper penetration Too large a root face no penetration Too small a root face burn through
July 9, 2013 118

Act
How to improve next time?

Plan
What to do? How to do it?

Check
Did things happen according to plan?

Do
Do what was planned

Quality Improvement Cycle

July 9, 2013

119

Weld traceability process

At planning stage, each weld is allocated a weld number Procedures are selected for each weld number & recorded

After fit-up, inspector signs off fit-up inspection box

Welder marks his name, WPS number, consumable batch

number against weld with paint marker.

Inspector performs visual & notes this information on

traceability database
July 9, 2013 120

Weld traceability shows that

All welds were completed Right materials and consumables used The right proportion was inspected All defective welds were repaired All welds were made to the right procedure All were made by an appropriately qualified welder

July 9, 2013 121

Distortion in Welding

July 9, 2013

122

Distortion Types Transverse shrinkage

Longitudinal Shrinkage
Angular distortion Bow

July 9, 2013

123

Angular distortion Vs Weld size

July 9, 2013

124

Distortion Control
Eliminate unnecessary welds

July 9, 2013

125

Distortion Control

Select WEP to minimise weld cross section area

July 9, 2013

126

Distortion Control

Balance the welding w.r.t the neutral axis

July 9, 2013

127

Distortion Control Locate the welds on or close to the Neutral Axis

July 9, 2013

128

Distortion Control

Use pre-setting to counteract the direction of distortion

July 9, 2013

129

Distortion Control
Use back-to-back Setup with or without offset to increase rigidity of assembly

July 9, 2013

130

Distortion Control
Use various weld sequence to distribute heat uniformly

July 9, 2013

131

July 9, 2013

132

Distortion Control

Use rigid clamps to prevent distortion

July 9, 2013

133

Rigid clamps may promote cracking tendency. Use clamping with imagination to allow movement in some direction while preventing distortion in required directions

July 9, 2013

134

Ensure that clamps do not restrict access for welding

July 9, 2013

135

Distortion Correction By application of mechanical force

July 9, 2013

136

Distortion Correction By flame straightening

July 9, 2013

137

Distortion Correction
Wedge shaped heating rapidly at high points is key to flame straightening

July 9, 2013

138

Productivity in Manual ArcWelding

July 9, 2013

139

Productivity in Welding
Steps to Reduce Your Welding Costs Cost of welding Material Cost Welding Consumables Labour Cost Energy Cost Electricity for Power Sources Preheating Cost of finishing operations like cleaning, grinding etc.
July 9, 2013 140

Productivity in Welding

Eliminate any extra welds from the design Optimize joint preparation Enhance current welding processes and procedures Control shop tendency to overweld

Analyze whether material handling is effective Deliver consumables and accessories close to the welding points Conduct energy audit of existing power sources

July 9, 2013 141

Productivity in Welding
Wrong WEP leading to excess Weldmetal

Increase 66%

Increase 133%
July 9, 2013 142

Productivity in Welding

Operator Factor ( Arcing Time)

Manual Process

20 40 %

Semi-automatic 30 50 %

Mechanised
Automatic

40 60 %
50 90 %

July 9, 2013 143

Productivity in Welding

Inverter Save 30 to 50 % Electricity and save shop floor space

July 9, 2013 144

MG Set

Diode Based machines

Thyristor based machines

Inverterised Machines

Assumption Input supply Investment Electrical cost Input current consumption for 4 mm electrode welding at 160 amps. Electrical units consumed for 1 stick electrode per minute( Considering welding time of 1 minute per electrode)

400 V, 3 PH

2 to 3 X 24 A
0.249 KWH
( 3x400x24x 0.9) 1000 x 60

1.25 X 18 A
0.187 KWH
( 3x400x18 x0.9) 1000 x 60

1.25 X 16 A
0.166 KWH
( 3x 400x16x0.9) 1000 x 60

X 7A
0.0727 KWH
( 3x400x7x 0.9) 1000 x 60

Cost @Rs. 6 per electrical unit per electrode of 4 mm Cost of average no. of 180 electrodes consumed per shift per machine Saving per shift over other machines
July 9, 2013

Rs. 1.50 Rs. 270

Rs. 1.122 Rs 202

Rs. 0.996 Rs. 180

Rs. 0.436 Rs. 78

Rs.( -)192

Rs. (-)124

Rs. (-)102

--------145

Productivity in Welding
What is the most Common Activity in a Fabrication Shop Grinding ? Welding ? Material Handling ? Machining ?

July 9, 2013 146

Productivity in Welding
Where will you focus your Improvement Initiatives ?
Towards Saving Money ? Or

Towards Saving Time ?

July 9, 2013 147

July 9, 2013

148

July 9, 2013

149

July 9, 2013

150

July 9, 2013

151

WEAVING/ RUN-OUT LENGTH

July 9, 2013

152

Quality & Productivity in Welding

Where will you focus your Improvement Initiatives ? Towards Saving Money ? Or Towards Saving Time ?

July 9, 2013 153

Reasons for traceability

Additional and auditable evidence that the correct

material was used Enables re-design for unforseen conditions using the actual properties Evidence for use at an inquest

July 9, 2013 154

Fusion Weld zone

July 9, 2013

155

July 9, 2013

156

July 9, 2013

157