INTRODUCTIO N TO GENERAL LINGUISTICS

BY: NAJIHAH ROSLAN AND NUR IZYANI RASDI

WORD FORMATION
LOAN BORROWING Market French (market) Foie gras Nouvelle Cuisine French (cuisine) cuisine Table French (table) Pate Fruit French (fruit) Delicatessen Actor Latin (actor) Idea Latin (idea)

WORD FORMATION

COMPOUNDING breakfast supermarket Worldwide Lifestyle Relationship network

WORD FORMATION

BLENDING
Rurbanizatio

BACKFORMATION
Act

n Socioecono my Psychosensorial

- actor Produce - production Create creation Consumes consumer Regulate - regulation

WORD FORMATION

CONVERSION
Processed

ACRONYMS
AOC

food Countrified food Colouring additives Higher-priced restaurants Virtualized circumstances

(Apellation dOrigine Controlee) AOP (AgriOpportunities Program)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION
1. This is particularly true if we focus on the complexity of rural tourist development. This is particular
(lexical)

-ly

true

if

(functional) (functional) (functional)

(derivational) (lexical)

we

focus

on

the

complex
(lexical)

-ity

(functional) (lexical) (functional) (functional) (derivational)

of

rural tourist

develop

-ment

2. We have just seen that heritage evolves in relation to its period environment and actors.
We heritage have just seen that

(functional) (functional) (functional) (lexical) (functional) (lexical)

evolve

-s

in

relate

-ion

to

(lexical) (inflectional) (functional) (lexical) (derivational) (functional)

its
(functional) (lexical)

period
(lexical)

environ -ment

and

actor

(lexical) (derivational) (functional)

3. It brings about a style of eating which is full of imaginary symbols. It bring -s about a style

(functional) (lexical) (inflectional) (functional) (functional) (lexical)

of

eat

-ing

which

is

full

(functional) (lexical) (derivational) (functional) (functional) (lexical)

of

imagine

-ary

symbol

-s
(inflectional)

(functional) (lexical)

(derivational) (lexical)

4. This expresses a deep yearning for balance and a return to the past. This express -es a deep yearn

(functional) (lexical) (inflectional) (functional) (lexical) (lexical)

-ing return

for

balance
(lexical)

and

(derivational) (functional) (lexical)

(functional) (functional)

to

the

past

(functional) (functional) (lexical)

5. It is an evolving social product constantly under review and ever changing It social is an evolve
(lexical)

-ing
(derivational)

(functional) (functional) (functional) (lexical)

product constant
(lexical) (inflectional) (lexical)

-ly

under

re

(derivational) (functional)

-view

and

ever

change

-ing
(inflectional)

(lexical) (functional) (functional) (lexical)

SYNTAX

STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY stay on the farm Stay on to the farm house Stay in the house in the farm Farmstead inns are working farms accepting guests for meals The inns are working in the farms The inns are working farms that accepts guests that want to dine in. The inns are farms that take guests and make them as their meals

SYNTAX

STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY It brings about a style of eating which is full of imaginary symbols Literally eats imaginary symbols The eating style is full with symbolism.
Heritage

may play a major role in declining

areas Heritage is important in declining areas Heritage is the main cause why the areas are declining

SYNTAX

STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY today, the cheese co-operative employs thirty people and boasts of faithfully following the tradition handed down from twelfth-century Aubrac monks. The cheese hires 30 employees and give it to the monks The cheese cooperation company hires 30 people and give it to the monk.

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 1

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 2

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 3

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 4

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 5

SYNTAX
SENTENCE

STRUCTURE 1. a) Thus, men feeds on nutrients but also on signs, symbols, dreams and on imagination. b) Eating reveals ones beliefs and fundamental imaginary structures. Surface structure: 1 structure (active voice) Deep structure :2 structures

SYNTAX

SENTENCE STRUCTURE
a) Food as a sign of communion: food shared and eaten with others, is a fundamental social link.
b) Food sums up and transmits a situation, it is information and meaning.

2.

Surface structure : 1 structure (active voice) Deep structure : 1 structure

SYNTAX

SENTENCE STRUCTURE
a)Farm fresh products: these are sold by farmers, either directly to the consumer or through middleman. b) these inns, in addition to the standard bed and breakfast, offer a traditional meal prepared with local produce.

3.

Surface structure : 2 structures Deep structure : 2 structures

SYNTAX
SENTENCE

STRUCTURE

4.

a) These afternoon snacks are prepared from farm-fresh products. b) They are often followed by a visit to the farm or leisure activity.

Surface structure : 1 structure (passive voice) Deep structure : 2 structures

SYNTAX
SENTENCE

STRUCTURE

5. a) On the one hand, the eater becomes what he consumes. b)Eating is the integration or adoption of qualities of the food you eat.

the

Surface structure : 1 structure (active voice) Deep structure : 1 structure

SEMANTIC
SEMANTIC
ANIMATE

FEATURES
ANIMAL ADULT MALE FEMALE

HUMAN

CHEF KNIFE ACTOR MEAT CHICKE N

SEMANTICS
SEMANTIC ROLES As tourists come into their area, they buy local products or eat in restaurants or on farms. Agent: they (tourists) Instruments: buy & eat Themes: products Locations: restaurant & farms

SEMANTICS
SEMANTIC ROLES Man feeds on nutrients but also on signs, symbols, dreams and on imagination. Agent: men Instrument: feeds Themes: nutrients, signs, symbols, dreams & imagination.

SEMANTICS
SEMANTIC ROLES Yes, what we love in France is its land, its peasants, its being wild and natural, a land of memory. Experiencer: we Instrument: love Themes: its land, its peasants, its being wild and natural, a land of memory. Location: France

SEMANTICS
SEMANTIC ROLES In rural France, famous cooks or multi-starred chefs transmit worldwide a valuable image of their region. Experiencer: famous cooks & multi-starred chefs Instrument: transmit Theme: valuable image of their region Location: rural France

SEMANTICS
SEMANTIC ROLES Now, about sixty cattle breeders on the Aubrac Plateau are promoting it. Agent: Sixty cattle breeders Instrument: breeding Theme: it (cattle) Location: Aubrac Plateau

SEMANTICS

SYNONYMS

Genuine Signs Symbols People Human Area Space City Urban Information - Knowledge
True

SEMANTICS

ANTONYMY
Interior

vs Exterior More vs Less Modernity vs Tradition Past vs Future Real vs Imagined

SEMANTICS

HYPONYMY Cow animal Cheese food France country Chef occupation Inns accommodation

CO- HYPONYMS Bread, cheese & wine (food) Restaurants & supermarkets. (places) Chef & farmers (occupations) Cow & lamb (animal) Wine, whisky,

SEMANTICS

HOMOPHONES

Meet Fair Fare Buy By It Eat And - an

Meat

SEMANTICS

HOMONYMS

Show - to make something clear (v)

- a programme on television (n)

Shrink

- make smaller in size (v)

- a psychiatrist (n)
May

- expressing possibility (modal v)

- Fifth month of the year (n)

SEMANTICS

HOMONYMS
Sign

- Write ones name for identification

- a symbol used to represent something

Right

- Correct

- East side of human body

SEMANTICS

POLYSEMY
Root

- Origin (n)

- part of plant bellow ground (n) - Support (v)

Present

- give something to someone (v)

- The period time now occurring (adj) - a gift (n)

Jam

- pack tightly into a space (v)

- improvise with musicians (v) - a spread made from fruit on bread

(n)

SEMANTICS

POLYSEMY
Space

- become disoriented from drugs (v)

- free, wide area (n) - physical universe beyond earths atmosphere (n)
Past

- gone by in time (adj)

- a persons earlier life or history (n) - to the other side of something (prep)

SEMANTICS

METONYMY Cow cheese Restaurant food Inns bed & breakfast Chef cooking Celebration food, meals Farms cow

COLLOCATION Cheese & Wine Fruit & Vegetable Bed & Breakfast Church & Castle Past & Future

PRAGMATICS
INVISIBLE MEANING Stay on the farm Meaning: Rooms and meals provided next to the farm, not literally in the stable with the farm animals.

PRAGMATICS
LINGUISTIC CONTEXT 1. The number of farmers has continued to shrink over the years while new categories of population have gradually appeared. Shrink = smaller in size

2. Is there a convergence between an external construction process of a tourist type and an internal construction process of a heritage type? Type = category of people

PRAGMATICS
LINGUISTIC CONTEXT 3. The rising numbers of retired people, second homes, weekend and summer visitors testify to the recreational part played by rural areas. Part = a role

4. Among these are products processed on the farm, such as cheese, jam, meat or chicken. Jam = spread made of fruit on bread

PRAGMATICS
LINGUISTIC CONTENT 5. Bresse poultry fair. Fair = gathering for the sale of goods.

PRAGMATICS

DEIXIS

Person:
First,

I will consider the relevant questions to be asked in relation to this subject We have just seen that heritage evolves in relation to its period, environment and actors. local development aims at bringing together all local actors in a geographical limited area to merge their individual determination We live our present lives with the omnipresent concern to protect our past.. Eating is the integration or adoption of the qualities of the food you eat

PRAGMATICS
DEIXIS
Place

Fabre

describes this phenomenon in terms of the beauty of death Culinary heritage belongs to this sphere The tourist phenomenon not only calls into question the way these areas should be organized.. These labels certify that the products are protected by labels defining quality There, the thousand year-old craft of the local shepherds..

PRAGMATICS

DEIXIS Time
Now

about sixty cattle breeders on the Aubrac Plateau are promoting it. The country is more of a landscape than a place of production; stage-management comes before the productive function in the general publics eyes These traditions are obvious legacy of those who lived before us Tourism in rural areas seems to be influenced and idealized today by the myth of nature

PRAGMATICS

ANAPHORA AND ANTECEDENT The emphasis on gastronomy is thus revealing since it integrates eating into a new cultural world from both a psychological and physiological standpoint.

These afternoon snacks are prepared from farm-fresh products. They are often followed by a visit to the farm or leisure activity.

PRAGMATICS

ANAPHORA AND ANTECEDENT A possession or knowledge that we give up or waste cannot be called heritage since we ascribe no particular value to it. Food is a part of physiological, psycho-sensorial, social and symbolic environment. It has, in addition to nutritional values, psycho-sensorial and symbolic characteristics. Whether called cultural areas or labeled zones, these new territories based on endogenous development are perhaps more durable since they are based on

PRAGMATICS

INTERROGATIVE
Why

do local cuisine and so-called traditional product arouse such interest? What exactly are the constituent elements of this heritage? How far can its rising value be considered part of some new drive in local tourism? To what extent is there a demand for French rural areas in terms of tourism and gastronomy? What are the processes whereby local identity is enhanced, valorized and identified?

PRAGMATICS

DECLARATIVE
The

transformation of rural society and culture cannot be understood from a local perspective alone. This is particularly true if we focus on the complexity of rural tourist development These developments are closely connected with a redefinition of local rural identity This trend leads to questions about the relationships between rural tourism and culinary heritage

PRAGMATICS

DIRECT SPEECH
What

is this gastronomical expectation? With which criteria and values will the social group or actors create and re-create heritage? Is there a convergence between the previouslymentioned tourist values? To what extend can heritage be conserved and transmitted without upsetting its identity? How are local actors rallied around a common regional project for the promotion of their heritage?

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Cohesive links
Therefore,

people dream of friendly relationships, true and genuine values, roots. Thus, man feeds on nutrients but also on signs, symbols dreams and on imagination Moreover, a modern city dwellers diet sharply contrasts with traditional eating habits Furthermore, the myth of the natural may be illustrated by the principle of incorporation defined previously At this point, according to Watcher, local development aims at bringing together all local actors in a geographically limited area..

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

1.

CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES Quality

Obey

(Adequate evidence)

Fabre

(1996) describes this phenomenon in terms of the beauty of death; objects are grasped just as they are about to disappear and their beauty is measured through the shock generated by emotion and memory

Against
The

(No evidence)

daughter and granddaughter no longer inherits secret family recipes.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES 2. Quantity Obey (Enough information)

Hervieu-Leger

(1996) defines tradition as the combination of representations, concepts, theoretical and practical know-how, behaviours attitudes, etc that a group accepts to ensure the continuity between past and present. suggestion is that, in some rural areas, city dwellers develop a local heritage consciousness.

Against (No explanation)

My

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES 3. Relation Obey (Relevant)

It

also represents integration into a social world as opposed to the universe of industrialized food. Eating farm-fresh products, may represent for the urban tourist an appropriation of rural identity.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES 4. Manner Obey (Direct)

The

number of farmers has continued to shrink over the years while new categories of population have gradually appeared.

Against (Ambiguous)
Stay

on the farm.